ch 19, 20, 21

Woman Holding a Balance, 1660, Vermeer

(fig 20.17)_________________________________ date: ______________(1664) By: _________________________

Marie de Medici Landing at Marseilles, 1620, Rubens

(fig 20.2)_________________________________ date: ______________(1622-25) By: _________________________

Self-Portrait , 1630, Leyster

(fig 20.8)_________________________________ date: ______________(1633) By: _________________________

St. Paul's Cathedral, 1680-1710, Wren

(fig 21.11)_________________________________ date: ______________(1675-1710) By: _________________________

Landscape with St. John on Patmos, 1640, Poussin

(fig 21.3)_________________________________ date: ______________(1640) By: _________________________

A Pastoral Landscape, 1650, Lorrain

(fig 21.4)_________________________________ date: ______________(1648) By: _________________________

Hall of Mirrors (Versailles), 1680, Mansart

(fig 21.9)_________________________________ date: ______________( 1678 (begun)) By: _________________________

The Calling of St. Matthew, 1600, Caravaggio

(fig 19.1)_________________________________ date: ______________(1599-1600) By: _________________________

Las Meninas, 1660, Velazquez

(fig 19.15)_________________________________ date: ______________(1656) By: _________________________

Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 1630, Gentileschi

(fig 19.3)_________________________________ date: ______________(1625) By: _________________________

Love of the Gods, 1600, Carracci

(fig 19.4)_________________________________ date: ______________(1597-1601) By: _________________________

Baldacchino, 1620-30, Bernini

(fig 19.7)_________________________________ date: ______________(1624-33) By: _________________________

David, 1620, Bernini

(fig 19.8)_________________________________ date: ______________(1623) By: _________________________

Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1650, Bernini

(fig 19.9)_________________________________ date: ______________(1645-52) By: _________________________

The Night Watch, 1640, Rembrandt,

(fig 20.11)_________________________________ date: ______________(1642) By: _________________________

Bleaching Grounds Near Haarlem, 1670, Ruisdael

(fig 20.13)_________________________________ date: ______________(1670) By: _________________________

absolute, Parliament, religious

Ch 21- The Baroque in France and England During course of the tumultuous 17th century, great monarchies of France and England dominated as patrons of the Arts. > Expand Civic projects, particularly architecture, Express the world of each Nation. France led by __________ ruler and England governed by a king who shared power with ____________, underwent traumatic change > both countries suffered from Devastation of previous eras ___________ wars, dynastic struggles, and contemporary famines and disease; by mid-century increase Colonial expansion sorely drained the treasuries. Their societies were bitterly divided, with Catholicism became the dominant religion in France and Protestantism in England. Each successive French and English Monarchy sought to strike a delicate balance between these competing religious forces while attempting to favor the religion of his choice.

Latin cross, Bernini, high, facade, longitudinal, Michelangelo

Fig 21.11 St. Paul's Cathedral by Wren 1675-1710 Wren favored Central-plan churches and originally conceived of St. Paul's in the shape of a Greek cross with a huge domed Crossing, based on Michelangelo's plan of st. Peters. This idea was also inspired by a previous designed by Inigo Jones, who had been involved with the restoration of the original Gothic structure of st. Paul's earlier in the century. Wren's proposal was rejected by the church authorities, however, who favored a conventional Basilica. In the end, the plan is that of a _________ _________, the same followed for most Catholic churches, including st. Peters. This was an ironic outcome given that the building program could have provided an opportunity to create a new vocabulary for Protestant Church of England. On his journey abroad, the artist visited France and _________ in Paris. The influence of these trips could be seen on the facade of st. Paul's where the impact of contemporary architecture in Paris could be discerned- as in the double Columns of the Louvre. In contrast to st. Peters, st. Paul's Dome Rises _________ above the building and dominates the ___________; it looks like a much enlarged version of bramante's Tempietto. St. Paul's is an up-to-date Baroque design that reflects wren's through knowledge of contemporary Italian and French architecture Norman Romanesque design (_______________) apse and choir extended (english) thick walls, hidden supports Classical---> _________________ with double dome and block and fake windows (exaggerated) 8 piers long nave facade is classical elements (double Corinthian columns and pediment) Palladio, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi coronation and wedding of Prince William and Kate

gallery

ch 19 A ________: is a rectangular space that usually functions as a passageway or corridor. From Renaissance onward galleries in palaces, public buildings, and even stately homes would be heavily decorated, frequently with paintings and works of sculptures. From this practice, the word Gallery came to mean The Independents space devoted to exhibiting works of art. In churches, galleries is a low story above the Nave, often arcade

Rome

ch 19 Painting in Italy: 1600, _______ became fountainhead of Baroque, by attracting artist from other regions. The papacy and many of new church orders, as well as numerous private patrons for most influential families, commission on a large-scale, with aim of promoting themselves making Rome the most beautiful city of the Christian world Campaign had begun early 1585 and by opening of the 17th century, Rome was attracting ambitious Young Artists, especially from Northern Italy. It was they who created the Innovative Style

Netherlands, dutch republic, Antwerp, Church, tolerance, commerce, Dutch East India Company, merchant, townspeople, private collectors, merchants

ch 20 The Baroque in Netherlands Netherlands in 2 parts: >Northern Netherlands (Netherlands today) and Southern Netherlands (Belgium and France) Known by important province: Holland (North) and Flanders (south) Catholic Spanish Habsburgs ruled Netherlands in 16th century, but Philip II's repressive measures against Protestants and his attempt to curtail their local government led to rebellions Northern provinces of ______________ led by William the Silent declared their independence from Spain Spain recovered Southern Netherlands, maintaining Catholicism as official religion 2 major provinces of North, inhabited by predominantly reformed church members, became United Provinces with their autonomy officially recognized in 1609 truce Treaty of Munster ratified their independence and ended the Thirty Years' War 1648, Dutch ___________ became independent state Division of Netherlands" difficult consequences for economies, social structures, cultures, and religions of North and South >people crossed back and forth between 2 regions ensuring social and cultural fluidity After Sacking by Spain in ____________ 1576, leading port of Southern Netherlands lost half its population City gradually regained its position as Flander's commercial and artistic capital, although Brussels prevailed as seat of government >however Treaty of Munster closed Scheldt River leading to Antwerp's harbor for 2 centuries, crippling trade Flanders ruled by Spanish regent, Habsburgs who viewed themselves as defenders of true (Catholic) faith, its artists relied primarily on commissions from __________ and State, but aristocracy and wealthy merchants also functioned as patrons Holland: proud of hard-won freedom >Main religion was Reformed Church, Dutch notable for their religious ___________- Catholicism continued to flourish (many artist among its ranks) and Jews, found haven from persecution Local schools of painting. Beside Amsterdam, commercial capital, important artist worked in Haarlem, Utrecht, Leiden, Delft New nation was one of merchants, farmers, seafarers, earned their living from local ___________ such as fishing trade, but who had opportunity for more distant adventures with development of famous ___________ ________ ____________ ______________ (VOC) established 1602 and its counterpart Dutch West India Company established 1621 >developed trade in East ASaa (China, Japan, Indonesia) and in Americas, bringing home exotic wares, creatures, flora and fauna, engaging in exploration, map making, creation of colonial exploration Adventures affect on economy: -experience directly by ____________ sailors and directors and governors of companies -________________, purchased and saw wonders brought back from faraway places Dutch artist rarely had large-scale church altarpiece commissions available throughout Catholic world House of Orange in The Hague, city governments, and civic bodies such as militias offered certain amount of art patronages, their demands were limited >___________ _____________ became painters' chief source of support North and South, new class of patron arose- wealthy _______________

stretched, drama, ornamentations

ch 19 Architecture in Italy: Baroque style in architecture begun in Rome, which was a vast construction site from the end of the 16th century to the middle of the seventeenth century. Goals of Counter Reformation caused by the church to embark on a major building campaign, constructing new churches and finally completing the new St. Peters. Many of the building projects begun during Renaissance, they develop distinctively different characteristics during the Baroque period Some architects continued classical vocabulary but expanded or ____________ it, so idea of perfection was not considered a circle, but an oval or an ellipse. Incorporated domes based on Michelangelo's but had steeper profile to suggest greater _________ punctuating the sky; while others design buildings based on amorphous shapes that use the __________________ but not principles of classicism

Accademia del Disegno, heroines, female,

ch 19 Artemisia Gentileschi Born in Rome, daughter of Caravaggio's friend, Orazio Gentileschi, she grew up in this artistic milieu. She was a noted painter and first woman to be admitted to _______________ ____ _____________ ( Academy of drawing) in Florence. Nobility collected her work, celebrated, and commissioned. Her best-known subject are religious _____________: Bathsheba ( the tragic object of King David's passion) and Judith ( who said your people by beheading holofernes). Both Theme were popular during Baroque era, which delighted in erotic and violent scenes. She often depicted these biblical heroines ( herself in lead role) hail the moral strength of __________ subject. The dynamic between male and female in her work may have stemmed from her own life and raped by her teacher, Agostino Tassi, who was tried in court and sentenced to banishment from Rome

Barocco, contorted, early modern period, gender, emotional, persuade,

ch 19 Baroque art: dynamic, exuberant, expressive style closely associated with 17th century Comes from Portuguese word, ____________, referring to an irregular Pearl; means _____________, even grotesque, and was intended as a disparaging description of the grand, turbulent, overwhelming Style Used for dominant style and include style of classical is in the 17th century, which bears complex relationship Some include time frame standing 1700 1750, know as Rococo, while others make the case for viewing the Baroque as final phrase of Renaissance Beginning of ____________ ____________ ____________, as many of the same concerns- issues of ____________, class, sexuality- are explored Desire to evoke ____________ state by appealing to The Senses and to ____________, often in dramatic ways, underlies Baroque art > characteristics: grandeur, sensual richness, emotional exuberance, tension, movement, and successful unification of various Arts > expansive expressive quality of Baroque paralleled the truth expansion of European influence- geography, political, religious

Rome, faithful, canonization, princes

ch 19 Baroque begin in __________ and was called " style of persuasion," as Catholic church attempted had used art to speak to the ___________ and to express the Counter Reformation Church celebrated its triumph over spread of protestantism. Private influential families, some who later claimed a pope as a member, other private patrons, and Ecclesiastical orders all built new and often large churches in Rome > rebuilding of st. Peters Reinvigoration of Catholic Church Beyond wave of ________________ the lasted through mid-eighteenth Century. > religious Heroes of Counter Reformation; Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier (both Jesuits), Teresa of Avila, Filippo Neri, Carlo Borromeo- named saints New ________ of the church were vigorous patrons of the arts, seeking glory for the church and posthumous fame for families

St. Peter's

ch 19 Bernini and St. Peter's After Maderno's death, his assistant Gianlorenzo Bernini assumed title architect of _____ _________. Bernini directed the building campaign and coordinated the decoration and sculpture within the church as well. Given these tests, enormous size is st. Peter's possessed equal challenges for anyone seeking to integrate architecture and sculpture: once nave was extended following Maderno's design, Bernini realized interior needed a internal focal point in this vast space

subjects, light, naturalism, directly, live model, ordinary, decorum

ch 19 Caravaggio and the New Style: Young artist was a revolutionary painter Michelangelo Merisi called Caravaggio after his birthplace near Milan. His style of painting, his new _______________, use of ____________, and his concept of _________________ change the world of painting > he painted ___________ onto canvas, and would work from a ________ _________ > depicted world he knew, so that his canvases are filled with ____________ people. Did not idolize them, nor gave them classical bodies, clean clothes, and perfect features. But they weren't distorted, elongated, or overly elegant as in mannerism ( concept is raw, immediate, and palpable) Had numerous followers, imitators, critiques both Italian and northern Europe, wrote of his work, Caravaggio and his paintings became internationally known almost immediately Highly argumentative, participating Rowdy street life, painter carried sword and often in trouble with law for fighting. He killed a friend in duel over a game, fled to Rome and spent the rest of his short life on the run. These trips accounted for both his work in the cities and Lasting influence their. Died on a journey back to Rome, where he hope to gain a pardon. In Italy artists and Connoisseurs praise his work and criticized it. Some regard him as lacking ________: the properties and reverence that religious subjects demanded.

Academy, nature, classics

ch 19 Ceiling Paintings and Annibale Carracci Conservative taste of many Italian patrons were met by artists who were less radical than Caravaggio and continued more classical tradition steeped in High Renaissance ideals. Took lead from Carracci Arrived in Rome in 1595, he came from bologna where he and two other members of his family formed a _________ ( he was a reformer, do not know completely but his Academy entailed, but seems to have Incorporated life drawings from model and drawings after ancient sculpture) Felt that paintings must Return To _________, but his approach emphasizes a Revival of the _________, which to him meant the art of antiquity. He sought to emulate Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, etc

caravaggesque, people, Chamberlain, rubens

ch 19 Diego Velazquez: from Seville to court painter Velazquez painted in ________________ (style, Caravaggisti were followers) during his early years in Seville. His interest at the time centered on scenes of ______________ eating and drinking rather than religious things. In late 1620 as he was appointed court painter to Philip IV. Upon moving to Madrid, he quickly became a skilled courtier and a favorite of the king, whom he served as a _______________. He Spent most of the rest of his life in Madrid, painting many portraits of the Royal Family. Discovered beauty of many Titans in the King's collection with guidance of the painter Peter Paul ______________ during the Fleming's visit to Spanish Court in 1628 weld on a diplomatic Mission. Ruben's encouraged him to go to Rome and some years later he was able to do so when they came dispatch him there in 1648 to purchase painting and antique sculpture

France, Germany, Dutch Republic, golden age, absolutism, Louis XIV, science

ch 19 During first half of the 17th century Europe had continuous Warfare. Ambition of kings of __________ who sought to dominate Europe and Habsburgs, Rule not only Australia and Spain but also Southern Netherlands, Bohemia, Hungary, Fueled Thirty Years War. >largely in __________, War eventually engulfed nearly all of Europe >Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended it and granted their freedom, United Provinces- or _______________ ________________, as independent Netherlands with known > series of clashes with England and France lasted until 1679. Germany was fragmented into over 300 small states, many financially ruined, little correlation between these rivalries and art of the period 17th century __________ ______ of painting in France, Spain, Dutch Republic, and Southern Netherlands Baroque also identified as " the style of ___________" reflecting centralized State ruled by an autocrat of unlimited power. > Architecture of monumental size emphasized massiveness, dramatic space, lighting, rich interior decoration, luxurious materials; meant as reflection of political and economic power Absolutism reached climax during reign of _____________ _____ of France, represented with palace of Versailles- Grandiose combination of architecture, painting, decoration and extensive Gardens > associate absolutism with the Vatican, power of the Pope, his claim of authority won and reestablished through Counter Reformation Recognition of subtle relationship between Baroque art and advances in __________ >scientist (Galileo Galilei) place the Sun, not Earth, at center of the universe, then contradict what are eyes tell us: the sun revolves around the Earth. Worldview fundamentals and understanding of visual reality was changed by the new science thanks to the development of optical physics and physiology

colonization

ch 19 Exploration of the New World: > started primarily by Spain, Portugal, in England in 16th century > in seventeenth-century developed into ______________: first eastern coast of South and North America, then Polynesia in Asia > Dutch East India company develop trade with East and had headquartered in Indonesia Jesuit missionaries travel to Japan, China, India and settled in areas in North, Central, and South America

antiquity, hellenistic, fierceness, implied, action, sees, charged, moment, decorum, S-curve, mirror, Carracci

ch 19 Fig 19.10 David by Bernini 1623 Marble As in Colonnade for st. Peter's, we often see strong relationship between Bernini sculpture and __________. If compared to Michelangelo's and we asked which is closer to the Pergamon Frieze, vote must go to Bernini, sculpture shares with _____________ works the union of body and spirit, of motion and emotion Does not mean Michelangelo's is more classical than Bernini, it shows rather that both Baroque and high Renaissance two different lessons from ancient art Artist suggest _____________ of expression, movement, in dynamism of Hellenistic sculpture. In part, what makes it Baroque is the __________ presence of Goliath. Unlike earlier statues of David, Berini's is conceived not as a self-contained figure but as half of a pair, his entire action focuses on his adversary. > his David clearly tells us where he _______ the enemy and the space between David and his invisible opponent is ____________ with energy- it "belongs" to the statue Shows distinctive features of baroque sculpture: it's new, active relationship with the surrounding space. But it is meant to be seen, as is most other sculpture, from one primary point of view. Bernini presents us with the ____________ of action, not just the contemplation of The Killing or the aftermath of it. Baroque sculpture often to just a heightened vitality and energy, while it also adheres to The Counter Reformation concept of " ___________" it explains why David is not completely nude. Because Baroque sculpture so often presented in "invisible complement" it attempts pictorial effects that were traditionally outside the realm of monumental sculpture. >like charging of space with energy- key feature of baroque art -Caravaggio's achieved this in the calling of st. Matthew with a sharply focused beam of light. (Sculpture may be combined with arhciture to create a stage) About life-size on pedestal In action ( unlike Michelangelo's which is post), spotted Goliath and about to sling the rock Hellenistic, Drama, Action, emotion, movement of Limbs Bands with the Hellenistic style ( emulate Hellenistic) ______________ Charged space separates it from Renaissance David Emotional because artist looked at himself in the _________ (which was held by Barberini (pope)) >frowning and biting his lower lip, is contorted in concentrated aggression _________________ influence

naturalism, contempory, bare, simple, halo, gesture, gap, drama, piercing, Beam, tenebrism, Expressions, genre, light, line, subject

ch 19 Fig. 19.1 The Calling of St. Matthew by Caravaggio 1599-1600 Oil on canvas "1st important public commission" series of three monumental canvases devoted to St. Matthew, painted for Contarelli Chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi 1599-1602- (Angel dictating gospel to st. Matthew, devoted to his martyrdom) This one displays a ____________ that is both new and indeed, radical. Naturalism is a mean of convey profoundly spiritual content. Sacred subject is Now depicted in terms of contemporary. Matthew: well-dressed tax collector, sits with some armed men, his agent, in sparse room. > Two figures approach from right, new newcomers ________ feet and ________ biblical grab contrast Raleigh with colorful costume of Matthew and his companions > sense religious quality in scene and know it's not an everyday event Figuring right is Christ who asked Matthew to follow him. His only Supernatural future is ________ ( thin band of gold). We see his companions __________ borrowed from Michelangelo's Adam, the Bridging the ________ between the two groups of people > Also way for artists to pun his given name as reference to the older artists Men on right of table seem to be engaged in ________ unfolding, what ones and left, in Shadows, are blind to entrance of Christ. > When wearing eyeglasses cannot see properly Artist uses __________ light in scene to announce Christ presents, as Christ himself brought light, most dramatic gesture of all _________ of sunlight in darkness above Jesus is most decisive in meaning and style: >___________: select use of light in darkness (Caravaggio known for his " dark paintings") > artist illuminate Christ face and hand in Gloomy interior so that we can see the precise moment of his calling to Matthew and witness a critical piece of religious history and personal conversation. Caravaggio gives direct ___________ to an attitude shared by certain Saints of The Counter Reformation: that mysteries of Faith are revealed not by speculation but through an inner experience that is open to all people If work was stripped of its religious context, men seated at table would seem like figures in a __________ scene. > fanciful costumes, with slashed sleeves and feathered berets, appear in the works of his followers. Figures seen in half length ( only upper half of their bodies) will also be common elements in other words of Caravaggio and his followers Private commission for church Made 3, but one rejected Oil on canvas ( majority at this point is oil, Fresco on its way side) Common people ( homeless people) and prostitutes---> contemporary Rome -Recognizable locations, bottom of feet at foreground of painting Strong use of ________ makes dramatic Sits in Chapel Christ on left ( with Halo), his arm Reach Out ( arm is from Michelangelo) Tax Collectors at table ( guy points to Matthew whose head is down avoiding Christ gaze) - strong ______ from Christ to Matthew Lower half has _________, rest is empty Appears like genre→ Tavern, but religious ( Halo) Criticized for lacking of decorum, Antichrist painting Spawned new change→ tenebrism ( Shadows) and Chiaroscuro Background contrast with foreground

Dramatic, afterwards, sack, hidden, suspense, tenebrism, Caravaggio, self portrait, Old Testament, vertical, off stage, bold

ch 19 Fig. 19.3 Judith & Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes by Gentileschi 1625 Oil on canvas ____________, large work whose Darkness suggest hushed Silence of this penetrating scene Theme: apocryphal story of the Jewish Widow Judas, who save your people by traveling with her maid to the tent of the Assyrian General holofernes ( about to attack the Jews) where she made him drunk, and then cut his head off with his own sword ( life story of David and Goliath)- might conquered by virtue and innocence. > however with the theme of Judith slaying holofernes, victor was not always seen positively, but with some suspicion since her Triumph was achieved by deceit: unspoken promises sexual encounter was never realized. Rather than beheading itself the artist shows the instant ____________. >Momentarily distracted, her serving stuff head into a _________. Object of their attention remained ____________ from view, heightening senses ____________ and intrigue >silent, tense, candlelit atmosphere- ___________- created mood of mystery and conveys Judith's complex emotions with unsurpassed understanding. Rich palette was had strong influence on paintings in Naples Did ___________ style, first woman in Florence Academia ______ ___________ while painting, Muse and documentary/ calling card _____ _____________ ( book of Judith, late medieval) Holofernes invaded Judith's country and killed her husband, Judith goes to his tent and bribes him with alcohol to get him drunk→ decapitated Strong female, ________ line with sword, muscles, into it ( caravaggio's version is softer) Head (green) in your view, deed is done and running away Shows maid wrapping up the head and Judith hand gesture ( to something ____ _________ creates drama) Red curtain, light positioned away is the light source Not a directly Place subject, ________ colors Tenebrism: Shadow and background, lightsource lights up the characters to create drama Symbolic in seventeenth-century because Wars in East ( West was Christian and East was Turkish)

humanistic, gods, narrative, architecture, foreshortened, below, easel, frescoes, Polyphemus, Bright, nude, light source, Flailing, logical

ch 19 Fig. 19.4 Love of the Gods by Carracci 1597-1601 Fresco on Gallery of the Farnese Palace His most ambitious work, which soon became so famous that it ranked behind works of Michelangelo and Raphael. Executed in chapels, churches, in private residence- entranceways, hallways, dining rooms- ceiling paintings for meant to convey the power, domination, and even extravagance of the patron Styles from the beginning of 17th to the end became become increasingly extravagant and contest even the Majesty of Michelangelo. The Farnese Palace , commission to celebrate family wedding , display __________ subject, the loves of classical gods. __________ scene surrounded by painted __________, simulated sculpture, and nude youths, carefully __________________ and lit from __________ so that they appear real. Main panels resemble __________ pictures, although all are ____________. The "framed" paintings, "medallions" and "sculpture" on the ceiling all in trompe l'oeil ( deceiving the eye) are known as quadri riportati, pictures transported to the ceiling. The ceiling reflects the vast, actual collection of the Farnese. Pictures of ___________, for example see on the short wall, hurling the stone in the easel paint thing is based on the Farnese Hercules, and Hellenistic sculpture owned by the family displayed in the courtyard. The entire ceilings displays exuberance of Brilliance in evenly lit color Farnese Gallery Opposite from Caravaggio, created school on Renaissance style to teach anyone to be a classical artist ( anyone can be an artist) Ceiling fresco, but looks like oil with frame (grisaille) ________ colors ( no chiaroscuro / tenebrism), ________ ( Michelangelo) Plays with __________ __________, no dark, no crazy drama ___________ arms ( 17th century) Mythological, classical, ____________ Space is like Michelangelo and Sistine Chapel ( logically placed figures)

canopy, dome, sculpture, architecture, twisting, Solomon's fabric, angels, cross, orb, triumph, energy, Papal, bees, colonnades, Gilded, Barberini

ch 19 Fig. 19.7 Baldacchino by Bernini 1624-33 The "_________" for the main altar, at the very crossing of the transept and nave, directly under Michelangelo's _________ and just above the actual Crypt of st. Peter's where the pope would celebrate Mass. Assistant was Francesco Borromini, may be credited for its ornate form Hundred feet object, Splendid Fusion of ______________ and _______________, created mostly in bronze from ancient Pantheon standing in 4 ______________ columns, reminiscent of those from original St. PEter's ( thought to replicate those in ______________ Temple). Rather than architectural entablature ( Architrave, Frieze, and cornice) mounted between the columns, Bernini inventively suggest ___________ hanging between them. Corners of the Baldacchino are statues of _________ and vigorously curved Scrolls, which raised a __________ above a golden _____, symbol of the ______________ of Christianity throughout the world Entire structure is alive with expressive ____________ that might be considered as the Epitome of Baroque Style. > We can see this through the columns to the sculptural reliquary of the Throne of Saint Peter, the cathedra Petri, under stained glass in the apse of the church, also designed by Bernini _________ insignia- triple crown and Cross Keys of st. Peter- and coat of arms of the Pope under whose patronage the structure was created- Barberini _________ of Urban VIII- are significant elements of the decoration. (Artist owners not just the powers and Majesty of God, but that of his Emissary on Earth, the pope. Bring any relationship with the Pope was one of the most successful and Powerful in the history of patronage. Leader under the patronage of Pope Alexander VII, Bernini orchestrated the main entrance into st. Peter's. He molded the open space in front of the facade into a magnificent oval piazza that is amazingly sculptural. This "forecourt," which imposed a degree of Unity on the sprawling Vatican complex, acts as immense atrium framed by ______________, well screening off the surrounding slums. Bernina himself likened to the motherly, all-embracing arms of the church, is not new. What was unusual was the idea of placing it at the main entrance to a building. Also striking was the huge scale, creating a grandiose setting. His one major failure in the visual effect of Saint Peter's was inability to execute the Belltower initially planned (start, but damaged facade, dismantles) Hundred feet tall ( 8 stories) Silk ( tent covering over altar)--> temples not big enough to contain people so built to hold priest outside for giving sermons (covered altar space, protect stuff on altar table) ____________ bronze Top has angles on cornices(above pillars, spiral design) Solomonic column ( Temple of Solomon) Gold orb represents Earth with a cross on top of it to represent the power of the papacy Foreground, arched fence next to st. Peter's tomb Altar behind it Bees depicted on it reference Pope Urban VIII (________________ family) Drapery and tassels look cloth but are bronze

group portrait, genre, princess, parents, viewpoints, office, dynasty, Santiago, personal, light, movement, social

ch 19 Las Meninas Velazquez's mature style is seen at its fullest in Las meninas Fig 19.15 Las Meninas by Velazquez 1656 AKA The Maids of Honor Oil on canvas Both a _____________ _____________ and a ____________ scene, it might be subtitles " the artist in his Studio," Velazquez depicts himself at work on a huge campus Center: ______________ Margarita who had just post for him, among her Playmates and Maids of Honor Faces of her ______________, King Philip IV and clean Mariana, appear in the mirror on the back wall. > Homage to Jan Van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait Royal couple's position also suggest a slightly different vantage point from others, and indeed there are several ________________ throughout the picture: the artist's, the princess's, the king and queen's, and ours. > perhaps artist intended to include viewer in scene by implication, even though it is clearly painted for the King and hung in the _______________ of his summer quarters at the Alcazar Palace. As royal family portrait implies notion of ____________ and hence as well at the vast wealth and power Spain: red cup handed to princess is a contemporary ceramic from Guadalajara in the Americas, as may be silver play it's on, as well as red dye used for the color of the curtain scene in the mirror- suggest Spain Global expansion Antonio Palomino wrote a discussion and thanks to this we know the identity of every person in the painting. Through the presence of the princess and the king and queen, the canvas commemorates artist position as well painter and his aspiration to Knighthood in the order of ______________- papal military order to which he gained admission >artist where is Red Cross of the order, which was added later after his death Velazquez had struggled for status at court since his arrival. Even though the usual family investigations assisted is claim to know will take on the very nature of his profession work against him. Only by papal dispensation was he accepted---- face painting is an expression of ____________ ambition; is a claim for both the ability of the active painting and that of the artist himself. The presence of the king and queen of firms his status. Spanish Court had already honored Titian and Rubens and as these artists were both held in high regard they served as a model for Velazquez. Painting reveals artist's fascination with __________ as fundamental to vision Artist challenged is to match the mirror image against the painting. Glowing color have Venetian richness, but brushstrokes are freer and sketchier than Titian's. Velazquez fully explored optical qualities of light. He aimed to represent the _____________ of light itself and infinite range of its effects on form and color For Velazquez light creates the visible world painted late in his life, private Office of Philip Shows little girls of the Court, youngest daughter of Philip Two paintings by Ruben ( in the palace)--> about art of painting ( gods of Art) Wearing 17th century clothes, order of Santiago, granted to him since he was not aristocracy Painted as member of Court show _________ life Dwarfs were popular in the court looked at as special Characters look at us king and queen in mirror or portrait, man and background is believed to be chief of staff Either a portrait of the royal family or artist at work Light sources to the far-right

loyalty, catholic, foreign, Caravaggio, naturalism

ch 19 Painting in Spain: Politics, art and a common Bond of loyalty to the Catholic Church connected Italy and Spain in the 17th century. Spain still in the throes of the Inquisition was staunchly conservative and unflinching; it's king with title the most Catholic Majesty. Spain restricted the church to only those who profess their unfaltering ____________, and in prison, executed, or expose those who did not, well the Vatican used its resources to bring reformers and disaffect back into the fold. As we have seen, Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation begin in Rome with a new style- baroque- intended to convince use of the dynamism and power of _____________ church, if patrons, and Defenders. City on Italian Mainland, Naples, under rule of Spain, as were the region around it and the island of Sicily. Impact of Baroque Roman art on Neapolitan and Spanish art was profound Height of political and economic power during 16th century, Spain has produced great Saints and writers, but no artists in the first rank. Spanish Court most of the aristocracy held native artists in low esteem, preferring to employ ___________ painters whenever possible (like Titans) Main influence Came From Italy and Netherlands, which was then also under Spanish rule.(Jan van Eyck influenced) Spanish baroque art was heavily influenced by style and subject matter of ____________- directly via and Naples- but was great starkness. His influence also sprayed to Seville, Romania Spanish artists in this chapter begin their education. Spanish ________________ may throw a harsher, stronger light on its subjects, but it is ultimately at least as sympathetic

genre, moralizing, exotic

ch 19 Reality of seventeenth-century life is frequently suggested ______ paintings- images from every day >Such as scenes of people drinking, smoking, and playing instruments >often ____________; warn against very things depicted >landscapes and still-life paintings; painting of foods- plain and exotic- and landscapes of rural, urban, far-off places Turkish carpets, African elephants and lions, Brazilian parrots, Ming vases, people from Africa, India, South America can be found >representation of "______"- but exotic was a major part of the 17th century as people (artist) travel to Faraway places Baroque art- result of religious, political, intellectual, social development: The strengthened Catholic faith, absolutist state, new science, beginning of modern world combined in volatile mixture that gave Baroque era fascinating quality > interplay of passion, intellect, spirituality, may be seen from forming a dialogue that has never been truly resolved

emotional, life-size, grandeur, facial, drama

ch 19 Sculpture in Italy: Baroque sculpture was vital, energized, and dynamic, suggesting action and deep emotion. Subject matter was intended to evoke an ___________ response in the viewer. The sculpture was usually __________, but with a sense of ____________ that suggests larger than life size figures; and many Figures were intended monumentally. Deeply cut, __________ expressions and clothing caught the light and cast Shadows to create not just depth but __________

Portuguese, pejorative, genre, religious, portraits, classical,

ch 19 Southern: counter REformation North- Protestant 30 years war: all over Europe Baroque: may come from ____________ term barroco- meaning irregular shaped pearl >_______________ term from late 18th to early 19th century >complex term to label entire era (as some artist maintained a ____________ style) >reaction against Renaissance (derogatory term) Pilgrims came from Netherlands North: _________ painting---> landscape, still life, people South (Italy): _____________ Spain→ _____________ (celebrating self (monarchs) French→ _____________ (Renaissance stuff) Characteristics: Emotional, diagonal lines, drama, theatrical, curves, symmetry, chiaroscuro (contrast light and dark), animated s-curve, tenebrism Dutch East India Trade Company Galileo→ sun is center of world and Columbus

Philip IV, Common

ch 19 Spain Controlled Netherlands Diego velazquez was court painter to _________ ___ the fourth Not aristocrat, _________ Man ( live 61 years) Diplomatic duties as chief of staff Went to Rome 2 times with Philip and traces of Caravaggio and Rubens with Shadow and Light

theater, vision, flaming, arrow, mystical, real, limp, levitating, divine, window, natural, fresco, ecstasy, audience, opera boxes, Cornaro fmaily, group, niche, experience, polychrome, stage, identified, human life, expressive, counter reformation, Theatrical, relief, diagonal, broken

ch 19 The Cornaro Chapel: Ecstasy of St. Teresa Bernini had passionate interest in _________ and was innovative scene designer. He can merge architecture, sculpture, and painting and was praised by contemporaries for the unification as marvelous. Fig 19.11 Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini 1645-52 Marble Cornaro chapel, Santa Maria Della Vittoria, Rome St Teresa saint of Counter Reformation and founder of the Reformed Order of the Discalced Carmelites, canonized 1622 She had described how in a _________, an Angel pierced her heart with a _________ Golden _________ Artist made to Tersa's ____________ experience sensationally real, as her arm and leg are ______, fabric cascades, and the Saints Rapture is obvious On floating clouds they appear to be ______________ towards heaven in the transformative moment seems to cause the turbulence of their drapery. _________ nature is suggested by golden rays (gilt wood) which comes from a source high above the altar. The scene is lit from a hidden _________ above and marks the first time that a sculptor has used actual, ____________ light as a direct Focus for the viewer to experience light as heavenly Illusionistic _________ by Guidobaldo Abbatini on vault of chapel, glory of the heaven's reveals itself as dazzling burst of light from which tumble clouds of jubilant angels >celestial explosion gives forced to the thrust of the Angels arrow and make the ____________ of the saint fully convincing To complete illusion, artist provides a built-in ______________ for his stage. Other side of the chapel are balconies resembling theater or _________ __________ that contain marble figures depicting members of the ______________ __________, set as a __________ portraits, who also witness the vision Their space and ours are the same, thus part of our reality, well saints ecstasy, which is frame in a ___________, occupies the space that is real, but beyond our reach as in Divine realm Work is a total ____________, not just for saint but for viewer. Uses _________________ marble of green, gold, black, and white to completely set _________ for us beneath the spotlight. Like the spiritual exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, which he practice, Bernini's religious sculpture aims to help a viewer ____________ with miraculous events through a vivid appeal to the senses. Theatrically in the service of Faith was basic to The Counter Reformation, which often referred to the church as the theater of __________ _______: it took the Baroque to bring this idea about Artist was deep in Renaissance humanism. Central to a sculpture is the role of gesture and expressive in a rousing emotion. All these devices Ross important to Renaissance, artists use them with a freedom that seems anti classical. However artist essentially follows the concept of decorum and planned his affect carefully by varying them in accordance with his subject. Unlike Frenchman Nicolas poussin Bernini did this to for the sake of ____________ impact rather than conceptual Clarity. Just approach of the two artists were dramatically opposite as well. For Bernini Antiquity served as no more than a Point of Departure for his own inventiveness Nun spiritual vision, diary, Christ and Angels talk to her and Angels stabbed her in the side with flaming arrow ( describe pain and pleasure) Product of _____________ ____________, Council of Trent creating new saint of both old and new people In Chapel, decorated with the story of Saint Teresa Includes the cornaro family so it is not a single narrative Uses painting, architecture, sculpture __________________ Places viewers in a theater box to watch scene Participatory event _________ sculpted figures, architecture ( columns and coffered), ceiling is fresco Bronze Ray's with window Saint Teresa with her arched back and head tips back in a swooning motion Angel with a happy smirk Composition has rough hovering clouds held by a rod Extreme ____________ line with body Pediment now in Baroque era is ____________

Giovanni Bologna

ch 19 The evolution of the Baroque: Bernini: Bernini was sculptor as well as architect, and sculptor and architect we're never far apart in his work, as seen in the baldacchino. Trained by his father Pietro Bernini, who worked in Florence, Naples, and Rome, he was also influenced by ______________ _________________ His style direct outgrowth of mannerist sculpture in many ways, but the debit alone does not explain his revolutionary qualities, which emerged early his career

church, private, open art market, traveled, secular

ch 20 Dutch Republic: Art in Dutch Republic, unlike Flanders, did not depend largely on _________ or state commissions, but created primarily through ___________ patronage and the ___________ ____ ___________, as a commodity Artist produced for market rather than for individual patrons, as such the greatest masters could not fully support themselves with money earned from their art >not unusual for artist to keep an inn or run small business on side Artistic communities proliferated= in Haarlem, Utrecht, Amsterdam, Delft. Artist ___________ between cities and known each other's work, but most lived in one place >Terbruggen- Utrecht >Frans Hals and Judith Leyster- Haarlem >Rembrandt- Amsterdam >Vermeer- Delft Some paints depicted religious themes, but ___________ images dominated: Individual portraits, group portraits commissioned by civic groups, landscapes, cityscapes, architecture painting, still lifes, and genre paintings Paintings ranged from large to small- (small enough to hold in hand or ordinary people to hang on walls of their homes)

portraits, reality, allegory, Fame, Neptune, swirling, Catholic, Protestant, 24, France, voluptuous, Michelangelo, movement, linear, color

ch 20 Fig 20.2 Marie de' Medici Landing at Marseilles by Rubens 1622-25 Oil on Canvas Rubens exhibited his virtuoso talent in __________ and monumental historical works in 1620s with a prized commission, his CYCLE. Gloried the career of Marie de' Medici of France, widow of Henry IV and mother of Louis XIII in Luxembourg Palace in Paris Episode 1: Young Queen landing in Marseilles, Ruben had turned uneventful passage into spectacle of unparalleled splendor, combining _________ and ___________ As Marie de' Medici walks down gangplank to enter France (already married Henry IV by proxy in Florence), she had not yet met her husband (later meet in Lyons) >accompanied by sister and aunt as _______ flies overhead sounding triumphant blasts, she is welcomed by France (draped in fleur-de-lis cape) >___________ and his fishtailed crew, Nereids, rise from sea; having guarded queen's journey, they rejoice at her arrival Everything flows in ___________ movement: Heaven And Earth, history, and allegory From Flanders ( Spanish were Catholic, part switch to Protestant creating war and north and south split. Southern Belgium is ___________ and Northern Netherland and Flanders as ______________) International diplomat ____ paintings in the loure of Maria de Medici ( full of herself), queen of France in place of her son Was arranged marriage, portrait seen by Henry IV Arriving in Marseilles with women in is greeted by personification of ____________ Trumpet symbol of victory Knight of the Cross of Malta steers boat Sons and Daughters of God Poseidon > ___________ white skin Red are the bright spots so the light spots are the main subject Studied ______________ so bodies might stem from Michelangelo with twisting bodies Exaggeration of ______________ Fluid articulation of human form Medici symbol Curved ________ shape Bright, vivid ________ Circle→ looking at her but draws the eye away from her ( Maria de Medici) Ruben influence Velazquez Titian painting with color Ruben was about color

portrait, genre, advertising, casually, status, sketchy, Haarlem, Diagonal, dramatic

ch 20 Fig 20.8 Self-Portraits by Leyster 1633 Oil on Canvas Shows Leyster as both __________ and _________ painter and was executed no doubt to demonstrate her mastery of both Probably her presentation or master's piece to the Guild of St. Luke in Haarlem in 1633, when she became accepted as a master and had her own students Painting on the easel is a detail of a popular work of her, and she is _____________ her diverse talents. The portrait reviews for technical skills as she wields numerous brushes and a palette as she sits in her Studio, open-mouthed and _________ conversing with us. Many women artists, as Leyster does here, showed themselves painting- indicating your new professional _________ and position. Artist signed many of her paintings with a monogram, a conjoined J. L., and a star, meaning "leadingstar." Punning on her name, she referred to during her lifetime as a "leading star" in art. Student of Frans Hals ( heavy, rapid, rough brushstrokes) Labeled as Frans Hals, known by her master Quick brush Strokes, _______________ Shows herself working Direct connection with viewer First female in Art Guild in ____________ North---> still life, genre ( Protestant)--> parable Detail holding brush, see-through with lace and curls ______________ lines, theatrical, _______________, animation?

Flanders, religious, virtuoso, diplomat, theatricality, Italian,

ch 20 Flanders: Art of the great painter Peter Paul Rubens defined art in 17th c Rubens brought ___________ (antwerp) to international notice and art of Western world to Flanders, accomplished through his commissions, his extensive workshop, and traveling (brought ideas back) Baroque art in Flanders thrived on commissions. Many churches now (with truce of 1609) rebuilt and redecorated. Habsburg archduke and archduchess, their family, and private patrons provided these commissions. Ruben's own interests largely focused on painting, but he played significant role in sculpture and sculptural decoration, architect, costumes, and illustrated books (published by Plantin Press in Antwerp) Subject of Flemish art and of Ruben's paintings, were primary _____________- large altarpieces with life-size figures. Portraits, landscapes, still lifes, and game pieces were also popular, and many were executed by other artists in collaborations with Rubens Peter Paul Rubens and Defining the Baroque Born in Rome, Baroque style soon became international through work of Rubens. He epitomized Baroque ideal of _____________ artist, acting as _______________, royal emissary, and advisor, with entree to courts of Europe- Paris, London, Madrid. Widely read and traveled he acquired knowledge of classical literature, and spoke several languages. >intellect and had vitality that enabled him to unite natural and supernatural and to attain a Baroque _________________ and drama that Bernini also demonstrated. Trained by local painters, Rubens became a master and developed a personal style only when he went to Italy two years later >8 years in the art and patronage centers of Mantua, Genoa, Florence, and Rome, he absorbed _____________ tradition far more completely than had any Northern European before him. Eagerly studied ancient sculpture, masterpieces of High Renaissance, and the work of Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci >obtained major commissions in Italy for portraits and altarpieces (20.1 The Rising of the Cross)

narrative, full, homes, taverns,

ch 20 Genre Painting: Jan Steen Genre paintings continue throughout the century, but revealed a more complex ____________ by mid-century. The human figures were often no longer half-length; they were now _____-length, even when the paintings are small and created a sense of intimacy. Interior scenes of __________ and ____________ were common. The painting of Jan Steen and Jan Vermeer provide a range of subject matters from the comical to the deeply introspective, and offered a glimpse into the homes, family, relationships and even fashion of the 17th century

Hals, genre

ch 20 Haarlem Community and Frans Hals: One of first to profit from these new ideas permeating the Dutch Republic was Haarlem artist Frans Hals. Capturing his contemporaries in both portraiture and genre paintings. Hals excelled at combining both by animating his portraits and setting their poes in somewhat relaxed or even casual >famous for his 6 Civic Guard group portraits of life-size figures as well had hundred of individual portraits of which repeated the same pose. His genre paintings, usually of single figures, portrayed characters that seem to be drawn from real life Next Generation in Haarlem: Judith Leyster Most important follower of ________ was Judith Leyster, who was responsible for number of works that once passed as Hals's own. Painted portraits and still lifes, but mostly _________ paintings

clear, women, everyday, still, timeless, eternal, private, nothing, Optical, light, camera obscura, sparkling, genre, shape, diagonal, fingers, vanitas, colors, reflection

ch 20 Intimate Genre Paintings and Jan Vermeer In the genre scenes of the Delft artist Jan Vermeer, by contrast, there is no _______ narrative. Single figures, usually ____________, are seemingly engaged ______________ tasks at secluded, Still Moments. Vermeer's painting appear magical, hypnotic, in purely original. His women exist in a ___________ "still-life" world, as if becalmed by a spell Fig. 20.17 Woman Holding a Balance by Vermeer 1664 Oil on canvas Young woman richly dressed in an at home wear of the day, contemplates a balance in her hand, with a string of pearls and gold coin spread out on the table before her. The pearls, gold, a painting, and fur all magically help provide an ______________, yet momentarily, glanced into ___________ realm where, in fact, our view is not acknowledged. Painting on wall depicts Christ at The Last Judgement when every soul is weighted. This may be a reference to the soul of her unborn child, and it parallels that the woman's own activity, now contemplating the future with the scale she holds. Experts once thought that the pans of the balance contained gold or pearls but scientific analysis of the painting indicate that there actually containing ____________, only beads of light Painting is intensely private, quiet, yet so highly sensual, created with ___________ effects that make the Surface Shimmer Artist work is marked with his use of ________, frequently from window at the left, with flakes of light on fabric, and reflections. To achieve these effects, he may have employed mechanics that are both old and new, including a __________ ____________, an experimental Optical device that created an image by means of a hole for light on the inside of a dark box. The hole acts as a primitive lens and a scene from outside the box is visible, inverted, inside it. Artist would not have copied such scenes, but he may have taken inspiration from them. They often have a ________________ quality, as visible in the pearls and in the light on the balance. These sparkling areas are known as "disks of confusion". The camera obscura was well-known, and there is considerable evidence that Dutch artists used it Girl with pearl earring ( forgot about until 19th century), 35 paintings with some missing Vermeer→ camera obscura to create 3D perspective and traced it Small intimate ________ Square ________ and rectangles, right from left, and Shadows on right, usually one or two figures doing something) Drapery in foreground, short ___________ lines on the table, rectangular painting on the wall of The Last Judgement Rectangular room, vanishing point at the woman's ___________, light from the window on the left Still figures and quiet/ seldom Traditional clothes with headdress and she looks pregnant Nothing on the scale and a box of coins and pearls in front of her Create Shadows using color > the wall is not white it's actually a mixture of colors > create Shadows using fleshy tones reflecting off the color of the fabric Looks lovingly at her jewelry expressing her wealth, Last Judgement is behind her > Embraces the movement > wealth versus judgement creates an idea of __________ light is compressed with ___________ Holding balance, judge but not Christ, idea of _____________

Panoramic, skyline, sky, Haarlem, identifiable, St. Bavo, bleaching, sea level, Protestants, nationalism, merchants, movement, Generic

ch 20 Landscapes Paintings: Jacob van Ruisdael Identifiable CityView- ____________ Landscapes with the outline Countryside and picturesque sand dunes, showing Amsterdam, Haarlem, or other cities- became popular throughout the century. In the art of Jacob van Ruisdael these views became Testaments to the city ________- and to the sky of this flat, lowland. Fig. 20.13 Bleaching Grounds Near Haarlem by Ruisdael 1670 The ______ occupy three-quarters of the painting Oil on canvas Ruisdael renders many paintings of Haarlem, known as a Haarlempjes (little views of Haarlem) in the 1670s. The church spires, windmills, and ruins are are all ____________, such as the major church, the Grote Kerk (great church), known before the Reformation as ____ ________. Foreground: _____________ Fields, where domestic and foreign linen are washed and laid out to be bleached by the Sun. Haarlem water as well known for its Purity and so the city was famous for linen bleaching and its beer production. Haarlemmers took pride in their city, in their artist- and in their artist's painted views of the City and surrounding Countryside Northern Netherlands is below ____ ________ they reclaim their land ( windmills pump out water) Land reclamation process, respected it Subject matter ( _________________)--> patronage gone so private paintings to play Lots of landscape to celebrate their land ( _________________) New middle class of _________________ could afford paintings Linen→ thread was woven and then bleached in fields where they were bleached by the Sun ( Linen Factory) St. Bavo, Church in background Sandy Dunes, sketched outside, and then painted inside Two-thirds of Sky, _____________ with clouds shifting Shadows move on ground with cloud ( Celestial and terrestrial) >more movement with people working outside ______________ landscape with the main subject With the Dutch landscape was just landscape

Caravaggio, personal relationships, emotions, etching

ch 20 Rembrandt and the ARt of Amsterdam: Like Hals and Leyster, Rembrandt Harmensz. Van Rijn felt the influence of _______________ directly through the Utrecht School. While rivaled Rubens as the most famous artist of his age, Rembrandt is probably better known as today. A painter, draughtsman, and printmaker, he is equally significant in each mediums and established himself in the growing and prosperous city of Amsterdam. >Known for intimacy and poignancy of images that convey _____________ _______________ and _______________- aspect seldom explored before- as well as for producing individual portraits, large group portraits, and history pieces. He had an active workshop for 4 decades and many of his followers became significant artist in his native Leiden or in Amsterdam Rembrandt as Printmaker Rembrandt chose to work primarily in ___________ and remains perhaps the greatest proponent of this process. Etching begins as light drawing on a prepared plate and so Rembrandt was able to relatively spontaneous and fresh in his many small example

portrait, group, cost, movement, lighting, demonstrate, captain, mascots, claws, Shadow, overlapping, Netherlands, table, foreshortened, active, stage, Lowered, Tenebrism

ch 20 Rembrandt and the Civic Guard By 1640s Rembrandt had become Amsterdam's most sought after ____________ painter, and a man of considerable wealth. He executed portraits, mostly life-size and sometime full length of individuals or couples, as well as history and religious paintings. He painted for court of The Hague and for private patrons. Fig 20.11 The Nightwatch by Rembrandt 1642 Oil on canvas Famous ______________ portraits because of its old, darkened varnish (now removed), was painted in 1642. A Civic Guard company of musketeers is assembling possible for visit of Marie de' Medici of France to Amsterdam Found it in fourteenth-century, Civic guard function as local voluntary militia groups. Although military activity in successfully defending their cities from the Spanish in 1580s, with the truce of 1609 the Guard became more like Civic fraternities, with Civic and religious duties. begin commissioning portraits in the early sixteenth century and this painting is one of the six ( each by different artists) made for their new buildings. Members of the company each contributed towards the ________ of this huge canvas ( originally was larger), Rembrandt do not give them equal weight pictorially. He avoided the mechanically regular designs of group portraits by many earlier artists. He said, pictures full of ______________ and Dramatic ________, as men stride out to meet the French monarchy and ________________ their new firearms. > focus is on ____________ Frans Banning Cocq, whose hand extend towards us with such strong three-dimensional illusion that it creates a shadow across the Yellow Jacket of his lieutenant >Light strikes little girl two left, one of three children ( another girl hidden by her and boy just next to her with his back to us) who rushes through crowd of older men. The probably are ______________ who carry the sign of the Civic Guard, as they may have done in real life. Highlighted girl carries- wears- ________ ( of a chicken) tied to her belt -Claws for the symbol of the building, the Kloveniersdoelen, in which the painting hung. With Rush figures and contrast of light and Shadow, artist capture the excitement of the movement and gives the scene unique drama. Because some figures are brightly lit and others are plunged into _____________ or hidden by ____________, Legend has it those who portraits artist had obscured were dissatisfied with the painting, but there was no evidence for this claim Contrary, We know that the work was much admired in its time, and Rembrandt continue to receive major public Commissions in the 1650s and 1660s Incorrectly called, long career Dutch from Amsterdam ( lots of self portraits, more than any other artist) Iconic painting of ____________ Guild portraits of militia ( civic guard) traditionally Lively and colorful around the ________ In nineteenth-century darken from chemicals ( shine placed over the oils) Light streams in, bright colors ( red, blue, yellow, white) Shield added later on in memory of those who died It was abused place in the militia Hall parts of it were cut off ( figures, arch, windows, ceiling) > he was also stabbed by a crazy person and shipped off during World War II Placed at Ground of two man at Center Hand, sword are ___________ through forwardness In motion (drummers, Captain, Lieutenant, dog, dwarf are walking forward) _________ Space→ loading muskets and behind him man shooting gun ( smoke Blends in with lieutenant and person loading it) Looking different ways and demonstrating how to use the musket Not sitting, outside, active space creates theatrical on ____________ _____________ picture plane ( viewer walking into it) Mysterious girl ( two girls one was strawberry blonde hair and another with blue dress) - chicken is upside down represent the mascot of the guild ( symbol is upside down chicken feet)--->Kloveniersdoelen ____________ ( Shadows), Caravaggio emerging figures from Shadows

open market, portraits, hope, princely, small, experience , Specialties, dutch, reclaim

ch 20 The Market: Landscaping, Still life, and Genre Painting: Art in northern Europe was largely made for an __________ ____________. Of course, ____________ and group portraits, like those for the Civic guard, were commissioned works, but a great number of paintings were made "on spec"- with the _________ that they would be purchased on the open market from dealers, fairs, stores, and lotteries. We knew that Ruben's kept many paintings in stock for his own use- even very large Works available for ____________ patrons. But in Dutch Republic, paintings were often _________, cabinet size, and with subjects suitable for middle-class homes. Most art buyers in Holland preferred subjects with their own __________________: Landscapes, architectural views, still lifes, and genre (everyday) scenes. Richest of the newly developed " ____________" was landscape, both as portrayal of familiar views and as an imaginative visions of nature. Landscapes- frequently with only small human figures or not at all- became a staple of 17th century _________ paintings. We can see the beginning of this in the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder and in Italy. But the Netherlands, the sense of reality, almost a portrait of the landscape, was a common theme. As the land is below sea level and only an elaborate system of canals and dikes can _________ it, there was a strong sense of appreciation for it that is expressed in its depictions.

cycle, genre

ch 20 _________: refers to number of scenes, usually painted that illustrates a story or series of episodes or events Ruben's Workshop: To produce these grand commissions- large paintings, painting cycles, ceilings, and altarpieces- Rubens initially worked on small scale, with oil sketches on wood. >used them to try out ideas and share them with his assistants Most Flemish artist working in early 17th c studied with Rubens in his large workshop and often traveled where he did, worked on paintings he began or sketched paintings he completed. Many continued with Rubens for years of collaboration, others moved out on their own Still Life: still -life paintings in 17th c Flanders took many forms- depictions of Flowers, game, food, and precious objects. Experts usually do not know who commissioned these works and presume they were for homes of private patrons. At first predominantly simple paintings by midcentury this ___________ explores elaborate and dramatic explosion of objects collected at that time (artist Jan Davidsz→ pronk (showy or ostentatious))

Dutch East India Company

ch 20 __________ ___________ _________ ________________: initially for development of spice trade (pepper) and alter expanded for importation of porcelain and tea, while Dutch West India Company largely traded in sugar and sugar cane. They harvested these sweets through inauguration of slave trade through Africa to AMericas. Netherlands and its new colonies were the portal through which these goods from east and West passed to rest of Europe

absolutism

ch 21 Absolute monarchy- political system that gave rise to absolute monarchy is ____________, in which Full, unlimited, and unchecked power to rule a nation is in the hands of a single individual (an absolute monarch) or a group of rulers ( oligarchs). Absolutism emerged in Europe near the end of the fifteenth century and is most clearly embodied by the reign of Louis XIV of France

classicism, authority, architecture, William Shakespeare

ch 21 Art of these two nation was dominated by _________- the style derived from the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Through it use of classical vocabulary- from columns, capitals, and pediments in architecture to styles of dress in painting- classicism represented a response to the ancient world. It's suggested _________, order, and enduring traditions in its evocation of Imperial Grandeur of Rome, in association highly desired by reigning Monarchs; and thus classicism would become the Hallmark of the Baroque in France and England France: classicism achieve status as the official court style of painting between 1660 and 1685, climatic phase of Louis XIV's reign. Classical principles also dominated __________________, with the new Louvre and Versailles representing most visible accomplishments of Baroque classicism in France. England: Classicism dominated art and architecture, notably the hospitals, churches, and country houses designed by Inigo Jones and Sir Christopher Wren. Architecture thrived as massive reconstruction project undertaken to rebuild the city in the wake of the Great Fire of London in 1666. England's lasting artistic successes in the seventeenth century were in literature, notably works by _____________ ____________, John Donne, and John Milton as well as Royal committees translated of what would become known as the King James Bible.

architecture

ch 21 Baroque Architect in England: English contributed to Baroque came mostly in the form of ________________ as painters from Italy, Flanders, and Dutch Republic dominated the English Royal courts throughout the century. Orazio Gentileschi and Rubens worked for James I, well Charles I court painter Van Dyck executed with portraits and allegorical paintings. After Van Dyck's death, many artists continued his style of portraitures for wealthy patrons, imitating little in the visual arts until the Restoration. After the great fire of London in 1666, the rebuilding of the city gave precedent and impetus to English architectural achievements

heroic, idyllic, Countryside, Outdoors, poetic, hazy, light, horizon, luminous, small, vague, elevating, standard, colors, main subject

ch 21 Claude Lorrain and the Idyllic Landscape While Poussin developed _________ qualities of the ideal landscape, great French landscapist Claude Lorrain brought ____________ (peace, happy) aspects to both Landscapes and seascapes. He too spent nearly his entire career in Rome, beginning as a pastry chef. Like many Northern Europeans, Claude thoroughly explored the surrounding __________, the Campagna, of Rome, and his countless drawings made on site reveal his power of observation. He is also the first artist known to have painted oil studies _______. Such sketches, however, were only the raw materials for his landscapes. Fig 21.4 A Pastoral Landscape by Lorrain 1648 Oil on copper His International reputation resulted in commission such as this which was made for Swiss collector, probably through an agent in Rome. Artist's evoke __________ essence of Countryside filled with Echoes of antiquity. Often, as in this painting, ________, luminous atmosphere of early morning or late afternoon permeates the composition. One can refer to Claude as painting " into the _______." This is, his sunlight ( often sunset) is at the center and at the ____________ line of the painting so that the architecture and other elements in the foreground or middle ground appear almost as Silhouettes. The surface of this landscape is _____________, a result of being painted on copper, a material 17th century artist frequently employed for small works. Unlike Poussin's paintings, figures in Claude's are very __________, slight and thus not thought to be significant in terms of historical narrative. >as in this example, we don't even know the story. His patrons appear to have admired the __________ quality in favor of hints of nostalgia were the ancient past. Traditionally, artistic Theory had ranked the rendering of common nature at the bottom of the hierarchy of the painting genre, with landscape only just above still life as merely copy from life. Claude succeeded in _____________ the status of landscape painting contemporary on copper makes orange glow classic--> ____________ for french academic art (Poussin (line geometric, classics) and Lorrain iconic symbols of french art) Shepard, perfect countryside, represent escape from city 2 Shepard gesture in conversation (stick like) village in background trees frame formulaic sun set and sun raise dictate _________ Landscape ________ _____________, characters minor

Civic war, Restoration, Bill of Rights

ch 21 England faced continuous upheaval and its situation degenerated in 1642 into a _________ _____ that led the trial of King Charles I, he was convicted of treason and beheaded in 1649. Named Head of State in lord-protector, puritan Oliver Cromwell restored political stability, but upon his death in 1658 his government foundered. Two years later, Parliament offered the throne to the son of the beheaded King, Charles II, thus assuring in the period known as ______________. Unfortunately, old religious rivalries and economic crisis persisted and jeopardized the reign of Charles II's successor and brother, James II. Glorious Revolution of 1688, a relatively peaceful and bloodless event, members of the governing classes of Whigs and Tories proclaimed the prince of Orange, stadholder or ruler of the Dutch Republic, as king of England; he and his wife (James's daughter) reigned jointly as William III and Mary II > ________ ___ __________ 1689, establish parliament's Supremacy and create a unique form of government that would gradually influence Nations worldwide, notably the North American British colonies.

divine right, god, absolutism

ch 21 France, by mid-century had emerged as Europe's Most militarily and culturally powerful Nation, Louis XIV Consolidated his power. Louis Evoked age-old ________ ________ of kings- idea that the Monarch received his authority directly from ________- and increased the state's power over the nobility and local authorities, amassing Revenue through taxation. This form of Royal government is ________________ , gave full power to the monarch. The absolute monarchy in France different from England's constitutional monarchy, which divided power between rulers and other institutions. Louis XIV Embarked on a series of military campaigns from 1688 to 1713 against his rivals, Spain, Dutch Republic, Germany, and England and his quest to assert the preeminence of France. Despite eventual defeat, France remain a world power upon Louis XIV's death.

majesty, monarchy, propaganda, absolute, sun, glory, classic, achievement, antiquity, balance

ch 21 France: style of Louis XIV Late 17th Century, Paris was vying with Rome as Europe's Arts Center. The French King Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV- aided by ambitious and able ministers and advisers such as Duc de Sully, Cardinals Richelieu and mazarin, and Jean-Baptiste Colbert- created climate for this exciting turn of events. Rulers and their officials recognize the power of art to convey the ____________ and strength of the _____________, and they set out to create massive program of patronage of all the Arts and Sciences- painting, sculpture, architecture, landscape design, decorative Arts, theoretical and applied science, philosophy, and literature. Louis XIV especially manipulated art to serve as ______________ for his ___________ policies. He adopted the symbolic imagery of the ________ as Manifest by the Greek god Apollo and came to be called the Sun King. Symbolism provided an ancient lineage for Louis that would serve his principal as absolute ruler. The idea of gloire (___________), seen in portraits and architecture he commissioned, reflected his desire to give concrete form to the Majesty of his Rule and thus pf France. Scholars often describe the period's art and literature as ___________. In this context the word had 3 meanings: 1) synonym for the highest ___________, which suggests that Louis XIV Style ( art created under his reign) is equivalent of the high Renaissance in Italy or the age of Pericles in ancient Greece. 2) Refers to the imitation of the forms and subject matter of classical _____________ 3) suggest qualities of ___________ and restraint shared by Ancient Art in the Renaissance. Because the style of Louis XIV reflects Italian baroque art, although in modified form, we may call it Baroque Classicism

ostentatious, classical, forms, France, Versailles

ch 21 French classical architecture Large, ____________, and public, building projects, even more than painting, transmitted the values of the royal court to a wide audience. In French architecture, ___________ Styles expressed the Grandeur and authority of the Imperial Rome and confirm the ideals of tradition, omnipotence, absolutism, strength, and permanence embraced by the monarchy. Mammoth scale and repetition of forms evoke these broad Concepts, which were embodied in the Royal structures erected in the heart of Paris as well as outside the city, in the palace, and Gardens of Versailles 1655, Louis XIV declared "L'etat, c'est moi" (I am the State). This statement was not just political but represented an artistic and aesthetic intention as well. Louis's projects for his Palace and Court took a colossal proposition and represented, not a single individual, or even a single monarch, but the entirety of ___________. He started by renovating the Louvre Palace in Paris, a project initiated by his father. Louis soon decided it would be preferable to move his entire Royal court to more isolated location where he could control them more efficiently and so he begun the construction of the palace and Gardens of ________________

park

ch 21 Garden of Versailles Apart from magnificent interior, the most impressive aspect of Versailles is the __________ extending west of the garden front for several miles. The vast landscape environment was designed by Andre Le Notre who had become director of The Gardens of Louis XIII in 1643 and his family had served as Royal gardeners for Generations. Le Notre transforming an entire natural Forest into a controlled Park, a massive and expensive Enterprise that reflect the Grandeur of the king. Spirit of absolutism is readily apparent in Le Notre's plan; Forests were thinned to create stately Avenues; plants were shaped into manicured Hedges; water is pumped into exuberant fountains and Serene Lakes. The formal Gardens consist of multitude of path, Terraces, basins, and mazes they created a unified geometrical. Especially important aspect of the landscape design was the program of sculpture, which Incorporated images of Apollo, the sun god, adopted as a symbol of Louis XIV Completed Palace and park covered 18000 acres. In Concepts, landscape is a significant as the palace- perhaps more so, it's just the Kings dominion over nature. The gardens form a series of outdoor rooms Splendid fetes and spectacles that function as an integral part of Louis's Court in as reflection of his power

51, churches

ch 21 Great Fire of London of 1666 lasted for five days in early September and destroyed 373 Acres, four-fifths of the city, with 100,000 made homeless, although only 16 people lost their lives. One Observer famously wrote: "London was come up but it is no more." To help rebuild the city, Sir Christopher Wren designed a plan within days of the destruction, largely based on focal points and wide avenues that he saw in Paris; but this was, in the end, rejected. He designed more than _____ new ____________, including st. Paul's Cathedral

Rome, rational classisim, curriculum, French

ch 21 Nicolas Poussin and Baroque Classicism Nicolas Poussin one of the most influential French painters of the century, contributed most to the rise of classicism in France. Aside from an ill-fated two year sojourn in Paris ( he was recalled by Louis XIII), Poussin spent his entire career in _________. There he hosted and taught visiting French artist, absorbing the lessons of Raphael and Carracci classically ordered paintings and developed his own style of _________ _________. Patrons brought poussin's paintings back to Paris, where they influence the Royal Court. Indeed, when establishing the __________________ of French Royal Academy, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the king's Chief advisor, and the artist Charles Le Brun, first president of the academy, choose poussin's classical style to serve as a model for _________ artists ( believed the highest aim of painting was to represent Noble and serious human actions ( the foundation of History paintings), which he called the Grand Manner and which is exemplified in his painting) Royal academy of painting and sculpture was founded in Paris in 1648 to set the standards of art. Charles Le Brun was one of the founders and presented many lectures on the virtues of the painting of Poussin and Raphael

travel, foreign

ch 21 Painting in France while many foreign artists work in France, French artists often ________ to Italy and Netherlands to work. In hopes of creating a nucleus of artists who would determine the Baroque in France, Louis XIII began officially recalling these artists to Paris. The influences of __________ art and experience largely defined 17th century French art. Whether directly or indirectly, Caravaggio, carracci, Van Dyck, and Titians all had an effect on it Georges de la Tour and the influence Caravaggio Manyi French painters in early 17th century came under influence of Caravaggio, although it remains unclear how this happened. Paintings of Georges de la Tour who was named painter to King Louis XIII and receive important commissions from the governor of Lorraine, his hometown, suggest and unique interpretation of Caravaggio. His use of light and his Reliance on detail naturalism deprive largely from Caravaggio northern European followers, whom he may have visited in Dutch Republic

ideal, generalized, calm, carracci, parallel, left, Pope, rational, eternal, mythological, revelation, geometric

ch 21 Poussin and the Ideal landscape "_______" landscape, Serene and balanced, does not represent a particular Locale, but rather a _________ and beautiful place. The austere beauty and somber ________ is Manifest in.... Fig 21.3 Landscape with St. John on Patmos by Poussin 1640 Oil on Canvas Continues the classical landscape tradition established by annibale __________. The ancient landscape screws with architectural ruins suggest both the actual site and concept of antiquity. Trees on either side balance the composition, and many of the ruins are depicted __________ to the picture plane. >St. John, who at the end of his life lived on the Greek island of Patmos, reclines and profile facing _______. (pairing painting of landscape with st. Matthew show saint facing right.) Artist executed both paintings in Rome for the secretary to __________ Urban VIII. Composition suggest physical, __________ arrangement of the spiritual, _________ world- concept best explored by Baroque Classicism Artist _________________ landscape shows a similar blend of physical, rational, and Mythic Classical (not Caravaggio), calming, exaggerated repetition lines and windows Rome (Carracci and Raphael) John writing ____________ moral choices, greek thought figure doesn't dominate vs landscape importance rational path no harsh brushstrokes or dark areas classical posed figure with halo ideal landscape austere, clear, perceived, outlines, stoic emotion ________________ approach to landscape

Great fire of london, geometry, shape, conceal

ch 21 Sir Christopher Wren: If it had not been for the destruction caused by the __________ __________ ____ __________ 1666, Sir Christopher Wren, the most important English architect of the late 17th century, might have remained an amateur. Wren considered the Baroque counterpart of the Renaissance artists-scientist. He first studied anatomy and then physics, mathematics, and astronomy, and was highly esteemed by Sir Isaac Newton, the discovery of gravity, for his understanding of __________. Wren, who did not turn to architecture until the age of 30 held the position of chair in the astronomy department at Gresham College, London, and then professor of mathematics at Oxford University. His technological knowledge and geometry in mathematics may have affected the __________ of his building; certainly, no previous architect went to such lengths to __________ a building structural supports

ceremonial, WW1, colored, gardens, public, participatory,

ch 21 The Palace of Versailles Louis XIV's largest Enterprise was the Palace of Versailles (21.7 and 21.8) located 11 miles from Center of Paris. By forcing aristocracy to live under Royal scrutiny outside Paris, King hoped to prevent a repeat of the Civic Rebellion known as the Fronde, which had occurred in 1648 to 53 during his minority Le Vau began project in 1669 and designed the garden front elevation, but within a year he died. Jules Hardouin-Mansart succeeded him and greatly expanded the structure to accommodate ever growing Royal household. The garden front, intended by Le Vau to be the main view of the palace, was stretch to an enormous size but with no change in architectural elements. As a result, Le Va's original facade design look repetitious and out of scale Hall of Mirrors Center block contains a single room measuring 240 feet long, the spectacular Galerie des Glaces, or Hall of Mirrors Fig 21.9 Hall of Mirrors by Mansart 1678 (begun) Today still used for _____________ events; it is where the Treaty of Versailles was signed ending _______. The use of so many full-length mirrors was unique and their manufacturer in France, among with the use of ___________ marble that surrounds them- also quarried in France- promoted French nationalism. placed to reflect the ________ outside, mirrors cause the room to appear larger by day. As they reflect sunlight, historians have suggested that they were also emblematic of Louis as the Sun King. At night, Myriad reflects of the candlelight illuminated the grand space. Either day or night, the effect was, and is, and press it. Louis XIV had insisted that Versailles be a _________ space- open to all but for the truly private quarters. Guide books were printed as early as 1674. In addition to members of the Court, Ordinary People ( with exception of monks, loose women, and those who displayed recent evidence of smallpox) could stroll through the Hall of Mirrors and enjoy the gardens Louis 14th moved court to Versailles hall looks at garden ballroom and impressed guest crystal chandelier, gilded relief sculpture, mirrors, glass panels, painting and gilded frames around it (celebrates king) show off, theatrical, dramatic moment with flicking of flames, reflections, engaged in space (_____________)