CH 2: Factors influencing Child Health

Extinction disciple

reducing or eliminating positive reinforcement for inappropriate behavior. Ex- "Time out", withholding of items, ignoring temper tantrums

Authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

_________ is the study of genetics at the chromosome level.

Cytogenetics

________ ________ are irritable, highly active, and intense; they react to new experiences by withdrawing and are frustrated easily.

Difficult children

Corporal punishment

physical punishment

Children in the ____-__-____-__ category are moody and less active and have more irregular reactions; they react to new experiences with mild but passive resistance and need extra time to adjust to new situations.

slow-to-warm-up

Permissive parenting

style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior. Little control of the behavior of children.

A child begins to understand his or her culture at what age?

5

The student nurse is shadowing a registered nurse on the pediatric inpatient care unit. They are caring for a teen who has openly shared that she was adopted at birth. Which statement by the student nurse indicates the need for intervention by the nurse? A) "Are you in contact with your real mother?" B) "Do your parents have any biological children?" C) "How many siblings do you have?" D) "How long have you known about your adoption?"

A) "Are you in contact with your real mother?" The needs of adoptive children may be unique. It is important to ensure the correct terminology is used. There should not be references to to a "real mother." The term biological mother is preferred.

The nurse is assessing a woman who is pregnant. Her health history reveals she has three young adult children. Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate according to Duvall's developmental theory? A) Assessing the parent's coping abilities B) Providing developmental anticipatory guidance C) Promoting the importance of vaccinations D) Describing nutritional value of breastfeeding

A) Assessing the parent's coping abilities It would be most appropriate to assess the parent's coping abilities because they are in the wrong stage of the family life cycle to be having another child. Providing anticipatory guidance, describing the nutritional value of breastfeeding, and promoting the importance of vaccinations are interventions for younger parents.

The mother of a 15-month-old mentions to the nurse how much she can accomplish at home while the child watches videos and TV programs. The nurse's response is based on knowledge that: A) Screen time prior to age 2 years is not recommended. B) Many good children's programs are available, especially on public broadcasting. C) Children's TV/video time should be limited to 2 hours or less daily. D) Programming without commercials should be chosen.

A) Screen time prior to age 2 years is not recommended. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no screen media prior to age 2 years. Public broadcasting does offer age-appropriate and educational content that is commercial-free. Commercials easily influence children since their thinking skills are not mature. The 2-hour screen time limit is for older children.

A child lives with his parents and grandmother. Which could be a specific issue with this type of family structure? A) Financial issues B) Family conflict due to different views and practices related to child and health care C) Need to determine the decision maker as well as primary caretaker of the children D) May face prejudice against those with different lifestyles

B) Family conflict due to different views and practices related to child and health care In an extended family (nuclear family and grandparents, cousins, aunts and/or uncles), the need to determine the decision maker as well as the primary caretaker of the children may be present. Financial issues may be present in single-parent families. Blended families may have conflict due to different views and practices related to child and health care. Prejudice against those with different lifestyles may be present in same-sex families.

The nurse is collecting information from the mother of 3-year-old twins. The records show the mother is single. When planning care, what topic is of the highest priority for the nurse to investigate? A) Financial resources B) Support network C) Home size D) Availability of health insurance

B) Support network Single-parent families have several concerns that can affect the health of the children. Life in a single-parent household can be stressful for both the adult and for the children. The single parent may feel overwhelmed with no one to share the day-to-day responsibilities. Financial resources, insurance, and living conditions are of concern but are not the highest in priority.

Native Americans who are wearing their tribal dress are demonstrating their native dance to a community group. This is an example of: A) acculturation. B) ethnicity. C) race D) ethnocentricism.

B) ethnicity. Ethnicity is the bond or kinship that people feel with their country of birth or place of ancestral origin. Race refers to biologic differences in physical features, such as skin color and eye shape. Ethnocentricism is the belief that one's ethnic heritage is the "correct" one and superior to others. Acculturation involves the process of adapting to or taking on the behaviors of another group.

Native Americans who are wearing their tribal dress are demonstrating their native dance to a community group. This is an example of: A) acculturation. B) ethnicity. C) race. D) ethnocentricism.

B) ethnicity. Ethnicity is the bond or kinship that people feel with their country of birth or place of ancestral origin. Race refers to biologic differences in physical features, such as skin color and eye shape. Ethnocentricism is the belief that one's ethnic heritage is the "correct" one and superior to others. Acculturation involves the process of adapting to or taking on the behaviors of another group.

Parents have a 3-year-old boy with a difficult temperament. Which guidance will be mosthelpful for the nurse to provide? A) "Give him time out for running in the house." B) "Encourage him to do quiet activities." C) "Provide a place for him to roughhouse." D) "Spank him for throwing a tantrum."

C) "Provide a place for him to roughhouse." Suggesting that the parents provide a place where the child can roughhouse would be best for the child and them. Disciplining him for running in the house, encouraging him to do quiet activities, and spanking him if he has a tantrum are counter to his temperament.

A 10-year-old girl is living with her grandparents. Which nursing intervention is mostimportant with this family structure? A) Teaching the couple basic child care skills B) Determining the decision maker C) Assessing the child for emotional problems D) Helping to access the need for financial aid

C) Assessing the child for emotional problems Children living with their grandparents may experience emotional stress if the biological parents are in and out of the child's life. Teaching basic child care skills is appropriate for the adolescent family. Determining the decision maker is important with an extended family, and financial aid is important for single parents.

The nurse is preparing to teach a class on cultural differences to a group of clients from the community. Which principle of culture will the nurse consider while planning the class information? A) Individuals are born with an understanding of their specific culture B) Culture is always centered around religious activities and beliefs C) Each generation learns about culture from family and the community D) Culture is determined by one's own morals and personal beliefs

C) Each generation learns about culture from family and the community Culture is a shared, not individual, system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide social structure for daily living. Culture includes the beliefs, habits, likes and dislikes, and customs and rituals learned from family and the community through a process called enculturation. Individuals are not born with a sense or awareness of culture. Some cultures are heavily centered on religious practices and customs, however, all are not.

During a well-child care visit, the mother of a 4-year-old child reports her son is extremely active at home and cries easily if frustrated. This is consistent with which level of the classic temperament theory? A) flexible temperament B) slow to warm up temperament C) complex temperament D) difficult temperament

D) difficult temperament The classic temperament theory proposes nine parameters of temperament: activity level, rhythmicity, approach and withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, and attention span and persistence. This theory seeks to identify behavioral characteristics that lead the child to respond to the world in specific ways. Using the nine parameters, children's temperaments may be categorized into three major groups: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Difficult children are irritable, highly active, and intense; they react to new experiences by withdrawing and are frustrated easily. Flexible and complex are not categories of temperament. A slow to warm up child would display moodiness and less activity.

_______ _________ are even-tempered and have regular biologic functions, predictable behavior, and a positive attitude toward new experiences

Easy children

________ _______ _______ is an international research effort involving the localization, isolation, and characterization of human genes and investigation of the function of the gene products and their interaction with one another.

Human Genome Project

Resilency

Qualities that enable an individual to cope with significant adverse events and stresses and still function competently and have positive outcomes

Temperament is

manner in which a child interacts with the environment

epicanthal folds

normal in Asian children but may occur with down syndrome

Authoritative parenting

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Heredity

the process of transmitting genetic characteristics from parent to offspring.