Ch 2 The Endocrine System

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus type I - Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Symptoms usually occur before age 15.Diabetes mellitus type II- Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

E) function independently of the endocrine system

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

The primary function of ADH is to

act on kidneys to retain water and decrease urination

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

adrenal cortex

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

adrenal medulla

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but called _______ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the.....................(part of brain)

hypothalamus

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

Define synergistic effect.

occurs when two or more "unlike" drugs are used together to produce a combined effectConsider the following example:A beneficial synergistic effect occurs when two different types of antibiotics that work in very different ways are combined, such as penicillin G and an aminoglycoside antibiotic

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

oxytocin

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland.

posterior lobe and anterior lobe

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

Define hormone receptor.

*Specialized structure on or in target cells that bind hormones*Specific hormones bind to specific receptors at receptor/active site

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

-increases calcium levels in extracellular fluids -when calcium ions levels fall below normal, PTH is released - causes increase in calcium levels

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

22 digestive enzymes: -proteases such as elastase that breakdown proteins. -Lipases that breakdown lipids. -Amylase that breaks down carbs.

Describe the structural classification of hormones.

3 chemical types of hormones have been identified: Steroids, Proteins, and Amines. The differences in chemical structure are accompanied by differences in target tissue, mechanism of action, and metabolism.

Peptide hormones are....................

composed of amino acids, synthesized by prohormones

Cushing's disease results from an excess of .........................(hormone)

ACTH

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is...

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, what happens to ATP?

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are (Structural classification)

Amino acid derivatives

Which of the following is mismatched? A) direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions B) paracrine communication — molecules released in local area C) endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other D) autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal E) synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses

C) endocrine communication- target cells are directly adjacent to each other

what is the hypophyseal portal system?

Capillary networks and interconnecting vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis, pituitary gland)

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

Insulin

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.

Melatonin inhibits reproductive functions, protects against free radical damage, and influence circadian rhythms.

Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?

Most of the body's reserves of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) , are bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream called thyroid binding globulins. Because these compounds represent such a large reserve of thyroxine, it takes several days after removal of the thyroid gland for blood levels of thyroxine to decrease

Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.

Most superficial is Zona Glomerulosa.Deeper is Zona Fasciculata.Deepest is Zona Reticularis.

he pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL (Prolactin)

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

nervous; endocrine

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

List the three phases of the stress response.

The alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.

Name the hormones of the thyroid gland.

Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Calcitonin (CT)

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

USED BY: catecholamines, peptide hormones, eicosanoids

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually .................

a G protein

Define endocrine system.

a collection of glands and groups of cells thats secrete hormones that regulate growth,development, and homeostasis

Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.

alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (GH-IH), and F cells (pancreatic polypeptide)

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonist

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin

Too little secretion of cortisol causes...........

cause weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine and norepinephrine

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, what happens next?

gene transcriptions is initiated

When blood glucose levels fall, what happens to glucagon?

glucagon is released to stop blood sugar levels dropping too low

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hyper secreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

hormones

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.

insulin; lowers

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

Thyroid hormone contains the element

iodine

Define diabetes mellitus.

is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). Results from the body's inability to produce or use insulin properly, resulting in high levels of blood sugar.

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?

maintain homeostasis

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.

melatonin

Pinealocytes produce ...

melatonin from molecules of serotonin (a neurotransmitter)

Steroid hormones binds to ...................................

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

he pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

somatotropin

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergist

In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

the amount of ADH released by the posterior pituitary increases in response to increased blood osmotic pressure resulting from a rise in solute concentration.

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

the synthesis & release

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine