Ch. 2: The Unity of Form and Function (A&P 1-connect)
Which statements correctly describe guanosine triphosphate? Choose all that apply.
-GTP is a nucleotide -GTP may donate a phosphate to help regenerate ATP.
Which of the following are names of functional groups that are commonly found in organic molecules? Choose all that apply.
-Hydroxyl -Amino -Carboxyl
A(n) _____ is a chemical mixture containing particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes, but small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent.
colloid
An enzyme associated with its substrate is referred to as an enzyme-substrate _____.
complex
Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements?
compound
Which term refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein?
conformation
Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?
covalent
A carbohydrate composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars (monosaccharides) is called a(n) _____.
disaccharide
A compound that dissociates in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity, is known as a(n) _____.
electrolyte
The subatomic particle with a negative charge is a(n) _____.
electron
Which monosaccharide is the monomer that forms glycogen and starch?
glucose
A _____ is a protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it.
glycoprotein
A protein molecule bonded to a smaller carbohydrate molecule is called a _____.
glycoprotein
Which type of bond can be described as a weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule?
hydrogen
pH is a measurement of the concentration of what?
hydrogen ions
Which term refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water?
hydrophilic
What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water? Your answer should be a single word.
hydrophobic
Which of the following functional groups is typically found in an alcohol?
hydroxyl
Which type of chemical bond involves the exchange of electrons?
ionic
Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as _____.
isotopes
_____ is the disaccharide found in milk sugar.
lactose
Name the measure of concentration that takes into consideration the number of solute molecules.
molarity
Identify the term used to name one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule.
monomer
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of which of the following?
monosaccharides
Which term applies to a solution with a pH of 7.0?
neutral
The uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is a(n) _____.
neutron
The six most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and _____.
nitrogen
Nucleotides are the subunits of the macromolecule type called _____ _____. Your answer should be two words.
nucleic acids
Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group?
nucleotides
Which term is used to describe a molecule that acts as an electron acceptor during an oxidation-reduction reaction?
oxidizing agent
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly _____ hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly _____ oxygen or nitrogen atom of another. (Make sure to use one word per blank!)
positive; negative
Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work?
potential
Which type of eicosanoid is a modified fatty acid with a single five-carbon ring?
prostaglandin
A(n) _____ is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
proton
The process of energy being released from the decay of unstable radioisotopes is called _____.
radioactivity
What does the breakdown of unstable atomic isotopes generate?
radioactivity
In general, a process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules is called a chemical _____.
reaction
Which term refers to a molecule that is oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
reducing agent
Which term refers specifically to a type of reaction in which a molecule gains one or more electrons?
reduction
A fatty acid containing as many hydrogens as possible and in which the carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds would be a(n) _____ fatty acid.
saturated
An alpha helix is an example of _____ structure found in proteins.
secondary
Which term applies to a chemical bond that involves one pair of shared electrons?
single covalent bond
Which level of protein structure is due to bending and folding into various globular and fibrous shapes?
tertiary
Substances that resist changes in pH are known as _____.
buffers
Substances that resists changes in pH are known as _____.
buffers
Which of the following is a definition of energy?
The capacity to do work
Which of the following is most likely to contain a carboxyl functional group?
amino acids
Which steroid molecule are all of the others are derived from?
cholesterol
Which type of fatty acid has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain?
polyunsaturated
A cation has a net _____ charge.
positive
Most chemical mixtures in the body are suspended in _____. Name the solvent.
water
Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid? Choose three of the following.
-Amino group -Radical (R group) -Carboxyl group
Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)? Choose all that apply.
-compound -molecule
Which of the following best describes what occurs in a decomposition reaction?
A molecule is broken down into smaller parts
Which of the following best describes a glycolipid?
A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate
Which molecule combines with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP?
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
What is an ion?
An atom that has gained or lost electrons
Which of the following best describes what occurs in an exchange reaction?
Atoms are traded between molecules
Which of the following is an example of a suspension?
Blood cells in blood plasma
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?
Build large molecules from small molecules
A starch molecule may contain thousands of smaller glucose subunits. Which of the following statements is true?
Glucose is a monomer of starch.
What does the quaternary structure of a protein depend upon?
Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?
Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.
Which of the following best describes denaturation?
The unfolding of a protein's three-dimensional shape
True or false: Formation of adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate molecule requires the input of energy.
True
What is the active site of an enzyme?
Where it binds its substrate
A proton (H+) donor, or a chemical that releases protons into solution, is a(n) _____.
acid
Solutions with a pH below 7 are considered to be which of the following?
acidic
Which of the following is a type of connective tissue that provides energy storage, thermal insulation, and protective cushioning?
adipose tissue
Which term refers to a chemical that binds protons in a solution and functions as a proton acceptor?
base
Solutions with a pH above 7.0 are considered what?
basic
Name the secondary structure of proteins that has a pleated, ribbon-like shape.
beta shape
Which of the following is another term for enzyme?
biological catalyst
Which of the following is an example of a mineral?
calcium
The _____ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
carbohydrate
The element that is the foundation of biological molecules is _____. This element has four valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds.
carbon
A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom is called a(n) _____.
element
Which term defines the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties?
element
Which term applies to anabolic reactions?
endergonic
Reversible reactions exist in a state of _____, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable.
equilibrium
True or false: Unsaturated fatty acids do not have double bonds.
false
A hormone binds reversibly to a protein on the surface of a cell, eliciting a response within the cell. In this example, the hormone is acting as which of the following?
ligand
Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule?
lipid
A reversible reaction continues as long as its products do not accumulate in the system. This is an example of the law of _____ action.
mass
The term _____ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
metabolism
Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule.
peptide bond
A(n) _____ is a lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.
phospholipid
Addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is known as the process of _____.
phosphorylation
Kinases catalyze which type of reaction?
phosphorylation
A large molecule that consists of many identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA, or starch is a(n) _____.
polymer
Which term is used to mean a chain of more than 15 amino acids?
polypeptide
Saltwater is a solution made out of NaCl (salt) dissolved in water. In this case, water is the solvent and NaCl is the _____.
solute
The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what?
solute
A(n) _____ is defined as a substance consisting of a solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent.
solution
Which term defines a substance that consists of a solute dissolved in a more abundant substance called the solvent?
solution
In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?
solvent
_____ is an energy-storage polysaccharide in plants.
starch
Estrogen and testosterone are examples of which type of lipid?
steroids
A _____ is the substance that a enzyme acts upon.
substrate
Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. Which type of reaction is this?
synthesis
Which of the following terms refers specifically to an element that plays a physiological role in the body, but which accounts for less than 0.02% of the body weight?
trace element
True or false: Cellular respiration is more efficient under aerobic conditions.
true
Hydrophilic means "soluble in _____".
water
Energy is the capacity to do _____. (Since there is only one blank in the question, your answer should consist of only one word.)
work