Ch. 20
class consciousness
A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
What did James watt gain from his partnership with Mathew boulton
Capital and skills in salesmanship
Mines Act of 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
The great exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Industrial dominance of Britain
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the industrial revolution
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Who was William cockerill
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
The factory act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
banned children under nine years of age from employment.
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work
farming, agriculture
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement
Luddites
group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery
In the condition of the working class in England, friedrich Engels stated that
in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving."
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
In the separate spheres pattern of gender relationships
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born
Steam engines
A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.
How did industry grow in continental Europe
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
How did cotton transform the textile industry
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
Factory Acts
English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
Crystal Palace
The location of the great exhibition in 1851 in london; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron
Spinning Jenny
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.
Tariff Protection
A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
rocket
The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester railway at 35 mikes per hour
Iron law of wages
Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
water frame
1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms
Separate Spheres
A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
Combination Acts
British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
What was the function of the crystal palace
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
How did railroads affect the nature of production
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Thomas Malthus argued in his essay on the principle of population that
Population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence
What did Henry Cort develop?
The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke