Ch. 20 (Make Room for the Ruminants)
gland cistern
area of udder where milk connects before entering the teat cistern
carcass
body of animal after it has been slaughtered
dual purpose
bred and used for both meat and milk production (cattle) or meat and wool (sheep)
artificial insemination
breeding method in which semen is collected, stored, and deposited in the uterus or vagina without copulation taking place
gomer bull/teaser bull
bull used to detect female bovines in heat
malpresentation
abnormal position of fetus just before parturition
gutter
channel behind cows in stanchions that collects manure deposited during milking processes
breed character
characteristics unique to a breed
magnet
charged metal device that is used to prevent hardware disease; given orally and placed in reticulum
Confined Animal Feeding Operations/CAFO
large operations that raise animals in a limited amount of space
range
large tracts of land for raising animals
finish
degree of fat on animal that is ready for slaughter
switch
distal part of a bovine tail that consists of long, coarse hairs
breed
group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when mated to each other they produce young identical to themselves
milk grade
farms are certified to produce grades of milk based on standards of facility maintenance and herd health (Grade A milk-highest quality, grade B milk- milk produced at facilities that do not meed grade A standards and is used to make butter or cheese)
beef checkoff
federal program where one dollar from every beef animal sold goes to state and national organizations to promote beef industry and fund research related to beef industry
colostrum
first milklike substance produced by female after parturition; thick, yellow, and high in protein and antibodies
F1 generation
first offspring from purebred parents of diff breeds or varieties
dental pad
hard surface of upper mouth of ruminants that serves in place of upper teeth
parturient paresis/milk fever
hypocalcemic metabolic disorder of ruminants seen in late pregnancy or early lactation
cattle
more than one member of the genus Bos
hybrid
offspring resulting from mating of two diff species
corium
specialized, highly vascular cells that nourish hoof and horn
marbling
streaks of fat interdispersed throughout meat that increase its tenderness
dairy character
term used to describe how closely an animal fits dairy type
California mastitis test
test that is cow-side indicator of somatic cell count to determine the presence of mastitis
scurs
underdeveloped horns that are not attached to skull
backgrounding
time between weaning and going to feedlot when a calf is fed primarily a roughage diet
render
to melt down fat by heat
cull
to remove an animal from the rest because it does not meet a specific standard or is unproductive
dehorn
to remove horns or horn buds by mechanical, thermal, or chemical means
hybrid vigor/heterosis
mating of dissimilar breeds to increase productivity and performance in F1 generation of crossbred animals over that shown by either parent
chute
mechanical device that is used to restrain cattle
gutter cleaner
mechanical device that moves manure out of barn to manure collection area
ear tagging
placement of identification device in the ear (always placed in left ear)
flushing
act of increasing feed before breeding or embryo transfer to increase number of ova released
condition
amount of fat cover on a breeding animal
muscling
amount of muscle throughout an animal's body
calving interval
amount of time between birth of a calf and birth of next calf from same cow
springing
anatomic changes in ruminant that indicate parturition is near
grade
animal not registered with breed association
market animal
animal raised for sale to slaughter market
tankage
animal residues left after fat is rendered in slaughterhouse; used for feed or fertilizer
replacement
animal that is raised for addition to herd (one that replaces a less desirable animal)
barren
animal that was not bred or did not conceive
registered
animal whose parentage is documented with established association
ruminating
cud chewing process
ruminant
cud-chewing animal with a forestomach that allows fermentation of ingesta
free stall barn
barn for cattle in which each animal is free to lie down, feed, move, or seek out other animals
feeders
beef cattle that are placed in feedlot based on age and weight
heart girth
circumference around thoracic cavity used to estimate an animal's weight and capacity of heart and lung
nose tongs
clamp used to grasp nasal septum to restrict movement
pinch
common term for bloodless castration using emasculatome
cleaning a cow
common term for removal of a retained placenta
feedlot
confined area where animal is fed until slaughtered
veal
confined young dairy calf that is fed only milk or milk replacer to produce pale, soft, and tender meat
somatic cell count/SCC
determination of number of cells (I.e. leukocytes and epithelial cells) in milk to test for mastitis
implant
device inserted in the ear that provides slow release of hormone to the animal to increase feed efficiency
drying off
ending the production of milk when milk yield is low or before freshening
crossbred
having resulted from mating of two diff breeds within same species
halter
head harness worn by animals for restraint that extends behind head and over nose
herd health program
health care plan to maintain health of herd of animals; consists of all aspects of herd management such as vaccination, nutrition, reproduction, and facility management
body capacity
heart girth and barrel
bulk tank
holding tank on a dairy farm used to store milk until it is picked up by milk cooperative; cools milk to 40F and maintains temp until transport arrives
hutch
individual housing pen for calves (and other small animals such as rabbits)
offal
inedible visceral organs and unusable tissues removed from carcass of slaughtered animal
fly strike
infestation with maggots
colostrometer
instrument designed to float in a sample of colostrum to measure specific gravity (density) of colostrum
rectal palpation
method of determining pregnancy, phase of estrous cycle, or disease process by inserting a gloved arm into rectum of animal and feeling for specific structure
brand
method of permanently identifying an animal by scarring the skin with heat, extreme cold, or chemicals
auction
method of selling cattle by bidding in public venue; used for selling small numbers of animals
alveoli
milk secreting sacs of mammary gland; also used to describe gas exchange sac of resp system
composite breed
new breed developed from combining established breeds
dry
not lactating
tattoo
permanent identification of an animal using indelible ink that is injected under skin
standing heat
phase of estrus in which female bovine will stand to be mounted
lead rope
piece of rope, leather, or nylon that is attached via clasp to a halter
milk solids
portion of milk that is left after water is removed
estrus synchronization
practice of using hormones to have multiple animals come into estrus at the same time to increase efficiency of artificial insemination and produce calves of more uniform age
preconditioning
preparing a calf for moving to feedlot; includes vaccination, castration, tattooing or branding, deworming, and weaning
downer
recumbent animal that has failed to respond to treatment; could have a variety of conditions including milk fever, fractured bone, etc.
traumatic reticuloperitonitis/TRP/hardware disease
relatively common disease in adult cattle caused by ingestion and migration of a foreign body into the reticulum; occasionally the foreign penetrates the diaphragm and pericardium causing pericarditis
milk letdown
release of milk from alveoli to allow removal by milking machine or calf
cod
remnants of steer scrotum
embryo transfer
removal of embryo from female of superior genetics and placing it in reproductive tract of another female
stanchion
restraint device that secures cattle around neck to allow accessibility for milking, feeding, and examining
casting
restraint method using ropes to place animal in lateral recumbency
tilt table
restraint table that can be tilted, which is helpful when treating or trimming an animal's feet
tailing/tail jack
restraint technique used in cattle in which tailhead is grasped and raised vertically
inbred/close breeding
resulting from mating of two closely related animals
bred
said of an animal that has mated and is pregnant
proven
said of animal whose ability to pass on specific traits is known and predictable
conformation
shape and body type of animal
windbreak
shelter in which an animal can stand and be protected from the wind
frame
skeleton of an animal
stall
small compartment to house an animal
tie stall
stall large enough for only one animal, which is usually tied by neck chain (cattle) or halter (horse)
balling gun/bolus gun
tool used to administer pills, boluses, or magnets to livestock
alley scrapper
uses a dragged blade to move manure to end of each alley
spotter bull
vasectomized male bovine used to find and mark female bovines in estrus