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langston huges

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

The Enlightenment:

A period of important intellectual growth in human culture. Time in which human thinking was being pulled away from the accepted dogmas of the warring churches and being put to use in the study of the natural world in order to come to a better understanding. In colonial America the massive influx of immigrants and explosion of population by natural birth was rapidly increasing. Jonathan Edwards was also an Enlightenment thinker.

predestination

According to the doctrine of predestination, God chose a select few to get in to heaven. It doesn't matter if you're a good person, or a good Christian, if God didn't choose you, you burn. This meant that people were dependent on church officials to interpret both the Bible and God's actions, to find out if they were going to get in to heaven.

maria w. stewart

African American abolitionist lecturer; gave lectures condemning slavery to men & women

countee cullen

American poet; A major writer of the Harlem Renaissance—a flowering of black artistic and literary talent in the 1920s—Cullen wrote poetry inspired by American black life. His technique was conventional, modeled on that of John Keats, and his mood passed from racial pride and optimism in the 1920s to sadness and disappointment in the 1930s. Among his volumes of verse are Color (1925), Copper Sun (1927), The Ballad of the Brown Girl (1927), and On These I Stand (1947).

michael harrington

Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

John Winthrop

Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He believed he would establish a pure church in New England. He is the one who created the saying "City Upon a Hill". He believed that people were looking to his community to lead by example. To be that city upon the hill they look at and want to be like. It cannot be hidden, that's why its on the hill, watched by the world, and example of what could be achieved by all Puritans. Once the world saw this great city, they would follow by example.

The US Constitution

It was a massive compromise meant to keep the country together as one. Shapes our existence today.

lierary modernism

Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Smedley Butler

EXPLOITING COUNTRIES TO SECURE NEW FINANCIAL MARKETS. Extremely critical of the military-industrial complex. Worried about the honor of his service because he believed that the U.S. government was using the military to prop up business interests. Exploiting other countries to secure access to new financial markets.

richard nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Catherine Beecher

Encouraged women to become teachers as well in the transcendentalist movement. With Stowe and Fuller.

sojourner truth

Sojourner Truth was a slave who escaped in 1827. As a Black abolitionist and a woman, she often met prejudice from anti-feminist White abolitionists who also expected free Black people to be quiet members of the movement. She became an important spokesperson for the abolitionist movement and was an influential bridge between that and the women's rights movement

Sojourner Truth

Speech challenged the idea that men should treat all women the same, and challenged the idea and general understanding of a "woman" and womanhood. The term should expand to include black women as well, every woman deserved to be treated with respect by men of all color no matter the color of the woman's skin.

taino indians

Taíno Indians, a subgroup of the Arawakan Indians (a group of American Indians in northeastern South America), inhabited the Greater Antilles (comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola [Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico) in the Caribbean Sea at the time when Christopher Columbus' arrived to the New World.

Declaration of Independence

Technically a waiting explosion, a manifestation of the colonists' willingness to go to war for their freedom, and it's also a measure of their dedication to the severity of such mistreatment. Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. It was based off of Britain's own Declaration of Rights. 1776 was when the document was adopted.

harry truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Bartalome de las Casas

There were Spaniards who protested the treatment of the Natives. One of the most famous was this guy. He was a Dominican priest who wrote to expose the atrocities committed by the Spaniards in the name of the Crown and Church. He began his treaty by asserting the divine rule of the kings. He called out their right and wrongs, describing the devastation they have caused, including driving their entire population to near extinction. He represents an early example of revisionist history, and he was met with resistance by other who argued that these Indians were naturally inferior or childlike therefore they were meant to be nothing but slaves. He used the terms Spaniards and Christians interchangeably, and by using the term Christians he is pointing out the hypocrisy of the colonizers

manifest destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

thomas jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America for the central role he played in drafting the Declaration of Independence.Jefferson, who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens' lives, was elected president in 1800. During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slaveowner.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalists rejected formal education in favor of individual thought because they believed one could learn more about human nature through close observation of the natural world than through book learning. Emerson penned such famous works as Nature and "Self-Reliance".

Ella baker

WOMEN BEHIND THE SCENES/NO CREDIT? Worked in the south during the civil rights movement. Argued that while those male figures like martin Luther king and Malcolm x got most of the credit for spearheading the fight for civil rights, it is in fact women also who worked behind the scenes to organize most of those movements.

mexican american war

War with Mexico which began in 1846 when the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico challenged the Border. Battles were fought in Texas, and Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by General Winfield Scott. Scott attacked Mexico City and Chapultepec. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

ted nakshima

he was an architectural draftsmen from Seattle who didn't like the evacuation; there were never any charges against Jap Americans, and terrified families were forced to sell their homes, businesses, and all their belongings

johnnie tilmon

helped to establish a Los Angles welfare rights group in 1963. Founder of National Welfare Rights Organization. Said "I am a statistic". 6 children. Welfare happens to women! Women's issue. Welfare is survival

mr covey

notorious slave "breaker" and Douglass's keeper for one year. Slave owners send their unruly slaves to him, who works and punishes them (thus getting free labor to cultivate his rented land) and returns them trained and docile. His tactics as a slaveholder are both cruel and sneaky. He is deliberately deceptive and devious when interacting with his slaves, creating an atmosphere of constant surveillance and fear

canasstego

operator of Onondaga; at 1744 treaty in PA suggests the whites model their gov't after the Iroquois Confederacy; declines the offer of the whites to educate a group of Indian boys because they'd be useless to the Indians after, and offers to educate white boys in their ways; interesting how whites take easily to Indian lifestyle but not vice versa, but eventually realize they need to protect themselves through literacy

passive resistance

opposition to a government or to specific governmental laws by the use of non-cooperation and other nonviolent methods, as economic boycotts and protest marches, resisting the law in a nonviolent way, nonviolent resistance in order to make something change, like Gandhi's Salt March

charlotte perkins gilman

published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens.

andrew carnegie

steel king; integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. Ships, railroads, etc. pioneered "Vertical Integration" ; his goal was to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middle man

frederick douglass

the author and narrator of the Narrative. He is a rhetorically skilled and spirited man and a powerful orator for the abolitionist movement. One of his reasons for writing the Narrative is to offer proof to critics who felt that such an articulate and intelligent man could not have once been a slave. The Narrative describes his experience under slavery from his early childhood until his escape North at the age of twenty. Within that time, he progresses from unenlightened victim of the dehumanizing practices of slavery to educated and empowered young man. He gains the resources and convictions to escape to the North and wage a political fight against the institution of slavery

Obergefell v. Hodges

the court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment requires a State to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State

talented tenth

was a term coined by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the small percentage of educated and upper middle class Negroes who were high achievers in the face of racial prejudice. The Harlem Renaissance, 1917-1936, is considered to have been a manifestation of the power of this small group to impact the entire community

juan jose arvelo

was elected as president by the middle class and labor class in Guatemala; began a series of programs based on "spiritual socialism" like land reforms of improvement of rights towards workers; his sponsorship of nationalism brought his gov't into conflict with foreign interests

george w bush

was the 42st president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president

Captain John Smith

• Vital to the survival of Jamestown in its early years. His colony struggled to feed itself and so Smith proved skillful at securing food from the Virginia Indians. He was searching the Chickahominy River when Chief Powhatan's men captured him. Pocahontas was the chief's daughter, and throughout the years, we found out that the bond between smith and the natives was what determined many of the early successes and challenges of Jamestown. Massachusetts Bay colony was founded as a haven for religious minority, and Jamestown was founded in Virginia. Puritans in MBC came to the new world a ready-made community, they already had their norms and similar values. They all believed that God produced everything good and that in order to live life to the fullest you must do what he would want you to. Jamestown on the other hand was founded as a corporation, where individual labor lead to ones individual gains.

Virginia Slave Law's

• When the first generations of slaves were introduced they were categorized as indentured servants along with the white. People at this time had no idea where to place them into society just yet, until they created Virginia's slave laws. This is when slavery became a legal institution. These law's ensured that slaves were systematically dehumanized, and it reminded slaves and the whites, that they were not humans, but more like working animals with no rights. These laws also kept slaves from forming any kind of encouragement in the near future. There were always little gateways they could find to possibly become free or forming large alliances to riot against the whites, but these laws completely blocked them from doing so. They could not form families, and if they did they were sold apart. Law for whites only reserved education for them, intermarriage wasn't allowed, and if there were an instance where there was a mixed-race offspring, they were not considered free.

the roaring twenties

The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards.

declaration of sentiments

emerged at Seneca Falls; stated that "all men and women are created equal," that women no less than men have certain inalienable rights. Their most prominent demand was for the right to vote, thus launching movement for women suffrage. Document rejected on the belief that men and women should have "separate spheres" in society

sinclair lewis

first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town

spanish american war

(1898) War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's "independence" as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It was started in part by the influence of yellow journalism after the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine.

Booker T. Washington

*atlanta compromise. *he believed african americans are worthy of economic and political rights *if blacks work hard to obtain that, they would eventually get acceptance from the whites. blacks should except segregation as long as whtes allowed them to have econmic progress and education opportuinity. The speech was known as a compromise, he said, "we could be as separate as the fingers, yet as one hand to obtain mutual progress".

feminine mystique

1963 - Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."

phyllis schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Nevada's Constitution

A document that attends the Morrill Acts, but also one that responds to the various needs and desires of it's population. Specifically the needs of Nevada are constantly changing, and it's a very flexible document.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government , owns and controls the means of production

world war 1

A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, notably Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (which entered in 1915), and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

cult of domesticity

A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Married women held immense power in being able to control the morals of a household.

Mary Rowlandson

A woman and mother in Massachusetts Bay Colony, who was suddenly captured by Native Americans. While she was held captive, she realized suddenly that the moral high ground her community possessed wasn't necessarily correct, and so she started to think that maybe there were other ways of living as a woman in society besides the one she was used to. She started to learn this by the roles of the women in the community she was held captive by. Everyone worked collectively, men and women. Women had more important roles than just domestic roles in the household. This ended up being very iconic in the end.

harlem rennaissance

An artistic and social movement centered in Harlem during the 1920's. Music, literature, dance, and foods were works of the African-Americans

Margaret Fuller

Another Transcendentalist, she argued that masculinity and felinity are much more fluid and interchangeable than initially conceive. They both flow into each other, yet women are treated as dependents and are never granted true access to individualism and self-reliance. She wanted women to recognize their full potential by finding them jobs as teachers, a profession almost entirely filled by men back then.

Abraham Lincoln

Despite his widespread dislike in the South, he believed in one thing above all others; the moral rightness of the United States as a Union. He believed that his primary goal as a president was to keep the union together at any cost. His desire to maintain the country is reflected in the speech he gave on the occasion of his inauguration in 1861. His goal was to save the Union, not either to save or destroy slavery. If he could save the union without freeing any slaves he would do it, and if he could save it by freeing them all, then he would do that too. He believed that what he did about slavery, and the colored race, he does because he believed it helped save the union.

W.E.B Du Bois:

Dubois found Washington's compromises very problematic. He had completely different ideas about racial advancement. He believed that segregation, the social, cultural, and political separation between blacks and whites was a huge obstacle for the future of African Americans.

John L. O'Sullivan

He came up with the idea of manifest Destiny, and it stemmed from the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans' mission to expand their civilization across North America. With this mindset this is what helped fuel the entire western settlement.

mark twain

He was America's most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age". The greatest contribution he made to American literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use.

william faukner

He was a writer. In 1926 he wrote a bitter war novel called "Soldier's Pay". He also wrote many other powerful books about the lives of Southerners during the Civil War. Author who wrote Soldier's Pay, The Sound and the Fury, and As I Lay Dying, used a new, choppy "stream of consciousness" form of writing

Henry David Thoreau

He wrote "Civil Disobedience" in which he outlined his method of political protest. He was also a Transcendentalist.

heforshe

HeForShe is a solidarity campaign for gender equality initiated by UN Women. Its goal is to engage men and boys as agents of change for the achievement of gender equality and women's rights, by encouraging them to take action against negative inequalities faced by women and girls.Grounded in the idea that gender equality is an issue that affects all people—socially, economically and politically—it seeks to actively involve men and boys in a movement that was originally conceived as "a struggle for women by women".

Christopher Columbus:

His voyage was to establish clear trade routes to Asia. He had a mistaken assumption that he had found a route to the East, is also reflected to this day as "Indians" to refer to Native Americans. Columbus wrote a letter to the King and Queen of Spain, and his emphasis was to obtain resources, and to persuade monarchy to continue funding further voyages. The Spanish practiced this thing called extractive colonialism, which was different from the settlers, because their goal was to extract goods from other colonies, rather than to settle their population. Columbus tries to do this same thing, but also mentions the availability of slaves, which he was referring to the Natives. As he explains the native's he does it in a way that would make them sound interesting to work with yet simple to subdue.

Martin Luther King Jr

I HAVE A DREAM Organized hundred of protests and marches, and delivered the famous "I have A Dream" speech. He fought to end poverty and the Vietnam War. He wrote "Letter from Birmingham Jail" explaining the necessity of nonviolent civil disobedience, and why he participates in it. Then was killed suddenly during one of his speeches.

The Great Gatsby

INDUSTRY vs. INHERITANCE. Representation of a class of Americans often referred to as "new money" flooding the country and its economy at this time, and his hopeless love of a woman Daisy Buchannan, who represents "old money" that has run the country for years. Captured tension created by an influx of a new upper class that have made their money from industry instead of inheritance.

jim crow laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites, , Jim Crow laws were state and local laws passed from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the mid-1950s by which white southerners reasserted their dominance by denying African Americans basic social, economic, and civil rights, such as the right to vote. - A white actor called himself Jim Crow, used black face make - up and mimicked/ mocked - how freed Southern Slaves acted. Today this is seen as racist behavior.

eugene debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over

jamestown,virginia

On May 13 they picked Jamestown, Virginia for their settlement, which was named after their King, James I. The settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America.The site for Jamestown was picked for several reasons, all of which met criteria the Virginia Company, who funded the settlement, said to follow in picking a spot for the settlement. The site was surrounded by water on three sides and was far inland; both meant it was easily defensible against possible Spanish attacks.

Benjamin Franklin

Rejected religious dogma in favor of book learning and careful observation if natural phenomenon. He invented bifocals, and started the first publically funded fire department and library. So technically he was the first American celebrity. His autobiography discussed a lot of self-betterment and moral matters, he created virtues that people must follow to achieve success.

black panther party

The Black Panther Party for Self Defense (aka the Black Panther Party) was an organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. The organization was originally formed as part of the Black Power and Civil Rights movements to aggressively bring the reality of racism, discrimination and lack of opportunity for Blacks to a national agenda. Another original reason for the group's formation was to protect African American neighborhoods from racist police brutality. The Panthers represented a group of activists who had a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent perspectives of the civil rights movement.

civil war

The Civil War A Civil War is a war between opposing groups of citizens from the same country. In 1861, two parts of America went to war against each other. After 4 years, the Union won. Many people died on both sides, and the South suffered terribly. No one expected the Civil War to be long. It became one of the worst wars in American history. WAR BEGINS In April 1861, the Civil War begin at Fort Sumter. The fort belonged to the North, or the Union, but it was in South Carolina-deep in the South.

cheif powhatan

The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten), or Powhatan Renape (literally, the "Powhatan Human Beings"), is the name of a Native American tribe, and also the name of a powerful confederacy of tribes that they dominated. Also known as Virginia Algonquians, they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language, and lived in what is now the eastern part of Virginia at the time of the first European-Native encounters there. The name is believed to have originated from a village near the head of navigation on a major river.

seneca fall convention

The meeting took place in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19th and 20th 1848. 300 Women and 40 men went to the second day to discuss the rights of women. They wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

johnathan edwards

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

frederick winslow taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

world war 2

World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, was a war fought primarily between the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allies (France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States).

stokley carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing "black power."

scientific managment

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

trancendelism

a philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal and imagination

great migration

a time around 1910 when southern african-americans didn't like how they were being treated, so they moved to the North. Two causes were how they were being treated (racial violence) and trying to hoping to find freedom and economic oppurtunitites

surburia

area outside of the cities where many families flocked in 1950s to 1960s Parents worked in cities, suburban life shared little with urban life critics decried conformity in suburbia

consumerism

concentration on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged