Ch. 21

The four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and __________. A. Motility B. Identification C. Reabsorption D. Taste

A. Motility

Which is the best example of a short reflex? A. The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine B. Ghrelin, which is released by the stomach and causes feelings of hunger C. Cholecystokinin, which is released by the duodenum and stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and feelings of satiety D. Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which occurs when the taste of sweet foods stimulates release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas

A. The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine

Digestion refers to the A. breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells. B. absorption of nutrients in the gut. C. release of substances into the lumen of the gut. D. input of food into the digestive tract. E. progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.

A. breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells.

Anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the __________ phase of digestion. A. cephalic B. deglutition C. intestinal D. emesis

A. cephalic

Feedforward reflexes are also ________ reflexes. A. cephalic B. medium C. emotional D. short

A. cephalic

During defecation, A. distension in the rectal wall activates a spinal reflex. B. distension in the rectal wall activates a short reflex. C. the internal anal sphincter is consciously relaxed. D. the internal anal sphincter contracts. E. the external anal sphincter contracts.

A. distension in the rectal wall activates a spinal reflex.

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the A. entry of food into the stomach. B. sight, thought, or smell of food. C. release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine. D. entry of chyme into the small intestine. E. entry of chyme into the large intestine.

A. entry of food into the stomach.

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), the pancreas secretes a fluid that contains A. enzymes. B. bicarbonate. C. only proteases. D. bile. E. only amylase.

A. enzymes.

Match the hormone with the correct statement. secreted by cells in the stomach A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide

A. gastrin

Saliva secretion is primarily a result of A. increased parasympathetic stimulation. B. decreased somatic motor stimulation. C. increased somatic motor stimulation. D. decreased parasympathetic stimulation. E. increased sympathetic stimulation.

A. increased parasympathetic stimulation.

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? A. intestinal phase B. gastric phase C. cephalic phase

A. intestinal phase

Enzymatic digestion of fats involves ________, which breaks down ________. A. lipase, triglycerides B. pepsin, proteins C. bile, cholesterol D. amylase, carbohydrates

A. lipase, triglycerides

The largest collection of ________ tissue in the body is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A. lymphoid B. nervous C. muscle D. epithelial

A. lymphoid

Match the structure to its function. Carbohydrate digestion begins here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

A. mouth

Which is an accessory organ of digestion? A. pancreas B. esophagus C. stomach D. spleen E. colon

A. pancreas

Bile is A. secreted by hepatocytes only. B. made by the gallbladder only. C. secreted by hepatocytes and made by the gallbladder. D. released into the stomach only. E. secreted by hepatocytes, made by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach.

A. secreted by hepatocytes only.

Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? A. secretin B. motilin C. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) D. gastrin

A. secretin

Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the A. small intestine. B. liver. C. stomach. D. stomach and small intestine. E. large intestine.

A. small intestine.

What is the "migrating motor complex"? A. A shift of smooth muscle cells from the circular to the oblique layer in the stomach B. A pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract C. Alternating patterns of electrical activity that stimulate the longitudinal and then the circular layer of smooth muscle throughout the GI tract D. Movement, or migration, of food from the mouth into the stomach

B. A pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract

Which vitamin must be complexed with intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A. B6 B. B12 C. C D. D

B. B12

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between diarrhea and vomiting? A. Both can help the gastrointestinal tract get rid of toxic substances such as pathogens. B. Both use reverse peristalsis to remove gastrointestinal contents. C. Both can lead to dehydration. D. Both can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

B. Both use reverse peristalsis to remove gastrointestinal contents.

Which structures do triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins form inside enterocytes that allow them to be carried in lacteals? A. Emulsions B. Chylomicrons C. Bolus D. Micelles

B. Chylomicrons

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it. parietal cells A. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3 - D. mucus E. more than one of these

B. HCl

What happens when slow wave action potentials reach threshold? A. Bicarbonate is released from the pancreatic islets. B. Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the muscularis externa. C. Salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, contract to release saliva. D. HCl is released from parietal cells.

B. Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the muscularis externa.

Functions of the large intestine include A. temporary food storage. B. absorption of water and production of feces. C. absorption of most products of digestion. D. chemical digestion of chyme. E. All of these answers are correct.

B. absorption of water and production of feces.

Match the hormone with the correct statement. stimulates bile release A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide

B. cholecystokinin

Match the following structures with the appropriate description. section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes, leaving waste products of digestion A. appendix B. colon C. duodenum D. ileum E. jejunum

B. colon

Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system. A. immune B. hepatic portal C. lymphatic D. arterial

B. hepatic portal

Rugae, plicae, and villi are all structures that A. provide immunity. B. increase surface area. C. provide mechanical digestion. D. secrete hormones. E. secrete enzymes.

B. increase surface area.

The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients. A. small intestine B. large intestine C. stomach D. mouth E. None of the answers are correct.

B. large intestine

Blood from the intestines flows directly to the __________. A. heart chambers for systemic recirculation B. liver for filtering C. kidneys for filtering D. venous circulation for return to the heart

B. liver for filtering

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by A. capillaries. B. lymphatic lacteals. C. veins. D. arterioles.

B. lymphatic lacteals.

Chemical digestion of food starts in the __________. A. small intestine B. mouth C. stomach D. large intestine

B. mouth

Secretion refers to the A. progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B. release of substances into the lumen of the gut. C. breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells. D. input of food into the digestive tract. E. absorption of nutrients in the gut.

B. release of substances into the lumen of the gut.

Match the structure to its function. Fat digestion begins here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

B. stomach

Match the structure to its function. Protein digestion begins here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

B. stomach

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers? A. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers B. sympathetic postganglionic fibers C. interneurons of the enteric nervous system D. both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

B. sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Vomiting and diarrhea are similar since both A. are used to prepare patients for surgery. B. work to rid the body of damaging agents. C. use normal GI motility to move substances. D. are stimulated by the CNS.

B. work to rid the body of damaging agents.

Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder? A. motilin B. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) C. CCK (cholecystokinin) D. gastrin

C. CCK (cholecystokinin)

A patient is given a parasympathetic antagonist during surgery. Which would you expect? A. Increased saliva B. No change in saliva, because saliva is regulated by somatic motor neurons. C. Decreased saliva D. Drooling

C. Decreased saliva

________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates. A. Defecation B. Tenia Coli C. Flatus D. Haustra

C. Flatus

________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity. A. Extrinsic neuron cells B. Intrinsic neuron cells C. Interstitial cells of Cajal D. Chief cells E. G cells

C. Interstitial cells of Cajal

________ involve short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax. They are responsible for ________. A. Peristaltic contractions, mixing B. Peristaltic contractions, pushing a bolus forward C. Segmental contractions, mixing D. Segmental contractions, pushing a bolus forward

C. Segmental contractions, mixing

Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? A. ACh (acetylcholine) B. substance P C. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) D. norepinephrine

C. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid that contains A. enzymes. B. only proteases. C. bicarbonate. D. bile. E. only amylase.

C. bicarbonate.

Slow waves are A. cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. B. peristaltic contractions. C. cycles of depolarization and repolarization. D. reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system. E. segmental contractions.

C. cycles of depolarization and repolarization.

Digestive reflexes integrated in the CNS are called ________ reflexes. A. deglutition B. defecation C. long D. short

C. long

Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called A. peristalsis. B. tonic contractions. C. mass movements. D. phasic contractions. E. segmentation.

C. mass movements.

In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________. A. the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach B. parietal cells of the stomach, liver C. parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas D. the liver, parietal cells of the stomach

C. parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas

Chief cells secrete A. mucus. B. gastrin. C. pepsinogen. D. hydrochloric acid. E. intrinsic factor.

C. pepsinogen.

Match the hormone with the correct statement. inhibits gastric emptying A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide

C. secretin

Digestion is almost completely finished in the A. anus. B. large intestine. C. small intestine. D. stomach.

C. small intestine.

In the body, 80% of all lymphocytes, a type of immune system cell, are thought to be present in the A. appendix. B. stomach. C. small intestine. D. mouth. E. large intestine.

C. small intestine.

Which hormone stimulates release of insulin in response to glucose in the intestinal lumen? A. Gastrin B. Motilin C. Cholecystokinin D. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

D. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides is A. sucrose. B. maltase. C. lactase. D. amylase.

D. amylase.

After processing in the stomach, the gastric contents are referred to as A. food. B. filtrate. C. feces. D. chyme.

D. chyme.

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets. A. absorbing B. generating C. digesting fats within D. emulsifying

D. emulsifying

Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the ________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. peripheral C. central D. enteric

D. enteric

Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called A. mucous cells. B. goblet cells. C. smooth muscle sphincters. D. interstitial cells of Cajal.

D. interstitial cells of Cajal.

Bile is secreted from the ________ and stored in the ________. A. hepatocytes, pancreas B. gallbladder, liver C. pancreas, hepatocytes D. liver, gallbladder

D. liver, gallbladder

Match the hormone with the correct statement. smooth muscle of duodenum is a target A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide

D. motilin

In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach mainly digests __________. A. carbohydrates B. nucleic acids C. fats D. proteins

D. proteins

Match the following structures with their functions. organ where most digestion occurs A. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach

D. small intestine

Match the structure to its function. Carbohydrate digestion is completed here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

D. small intestine

Match the structure to its function. Fat digestion is completed here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

D. small intestine

Match the structure to its function. Protein digestion is completed here. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine

D. small intestine

GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called __________ contractions. A. peristaltic B. phasic C. segmental D. tonic

D. tonic

Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of A. carbohydrates. B. vitamins and minerals. C. nucleic acids. D. protein. E. fat.

E. fat.

Match the hormone with the correct statement. stimulates insulin release A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide

E. gastric inhibitory peptide

G cells of the stomach secrete A. cholecystokinin. B. secretin. C. pepsin. D. enterokinase. E. gastrin.

E. gastrin.

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it. pancreatic cells A. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3 - D. mucus E. more than one of these

E. more than one of these

The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is NOT paired with its stimulus? A. gastrin - peptides and amino acids B. CCK - fatty foods C. secretin - acid in the small intestine D. GIP - glucose in the small intestine E. motilin - acid in the stomach

E. motilin - acid in the stomach

Mucus functions in A. lubrication only. B. enzyme activation only. C. protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation. D. protection only. E. protection and lubrication.

E. protection and lubrication.

Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by A. salivary glands into the mouth only. B. gastric glands into the stomach only. C. salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach. D. the pancreas into the intestine only. E. salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

E. salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

Match the following structures with their functions. chyme is released from here A. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach

E. stomach