Ch. 22

Napoleon III

(President of 2nd Republic, Emperor of Second Empire, Ousted in Franco-Prussian War) . As president of the Second Republic, he used liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster his power. He became popular by supporting universal male suffrage, and was voted emperor of France in 1852. He took great interest in public opinion. He improved the economy and reconstructed Paris. The Franco-Prussian war resulted in Napoleon's capture and the collapse of the Second French Empire.

Crimean War

1856 the war fought over the Eastern Question. Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France vs. Russia. It was poorly fought and was costly to both sides. (According to your text book) It resulted in the demise of the Concert of Europe by weakening Russia and turning it against Austria (who didn't support Russia despite Russia's bailing out Austria in 1848). Uh oh, looks like the harmony is over. France hates Germany, Russia hates Austria, etc. this is going to get ugly (WWI).

Paris Commune

A radical republican / communist government in Paris created after The Franco Prussian War. After the defeat of Napoleon III, Otto von Bismarck forced the French to choose a government by universal male suffrage. When the French people chose monarchists over republicans, radical Parisian republicans formed the Paris Commune. After a month, French government troops massacred thousands of the Commune's defenders. Did you catch that? France was at war with Paris after the Franco Prussian War. The Third Republic is created in this chaotic period.

Cavour

Architect of Italian unification a liberal-minded nobleman who was named prime minister of Piedmont in 1852 by Emmanuel II. Cavour was a moderate who favored constitutional government. He used France to oust Austria from northern Italy. This allowed him to unite much of northern Italy under the rule of Piedmont and in 1861 combined Piedmont with Garibaldi's southern section, forming the Kingdom of Italy.

Papal States

Area in central Italy governed by Rome & the pope. The area of danger between Cavour and Garibaldi

Austria-Hungary: Dual Monarchy

Austria became Austria-Hungary with the (Compromise) of 1867 with its largest ethnic minority, the Hungarians. Both parts of the empire now had its own constitution, its own bicameral legislature, its own governmental machinery for domestic affairs, and its own capital (Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary). They still shared a single monarch, (Francis Joseph = Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary) an army, foreign policy, and system of finances. In domestic affairs, Hungary had become independent.

"Blood and Iron"

Bismarck's method for unifying Germany. His method of hardball politics and war was successful and was very different from the failed liberal attempts back in 1848. Germany would be created from above by an authoritarian regime, not a bunch of egg-head intellectuals taking to the streets. "Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism but to her power... Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848-49 - but by iron and blood.".

Paris

Centerpiece of Napoleon's improvement of France. Created a "modern" city with a new public water supply, and gaslights. The street design made it easier for troops to move rapidly through the city in the event of revolts

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative leader in Parliament who unwittingly carried through with the liberal plan for more reform by passing the Reform act of 1867, giving the vote to some of the lower class (he knew the liberals wouldn't dare oppose it). He believed that the uneducated classes would look up to their social superiors when they voted. His plan backfired (in the short run) as the lower classes supported the liberals. Kagan (correctly) notes that in the looong run he was correct about the working class. - Disraeli's Conservatives embraced economic reform based on a paternalistic desire to protect the weak and reduce the dangers of a socialist revolution. - Reforms centered on sanitation, health ,physical wellbeing (even if it tramples private property), Housing, and recognizing the rights of workers' unions.

The German Empire 1871-1918

Created in 1871 by the maneuvering of Bismarck. Although it possessed the appearance of liberal institutions (parliament, Constitution, etc) it possessed none of the substance of liberalism. It was a government dominated by the conservative Military, Junkers, and Monarchy.

Otto Von Bismarck

Creator of modern Germany Prime minister of Prussia under William I. Often portrayed as the ultimate realist (Realpolitik). Separated nationalism from liberalism and combined it with authoritarian government. Largely ignored parliament. Through war (blood & Iron) created the Second German Empire in 1871. Through his leadership Germany became the strongest power on the Continent.

Boulanger Crisis

Failed right-wing coup d'etat against the Third Republic. General Boulanger, a popular French military officer, rallied all of those discontented with the Third Republic; however, just when the time to strike was right, he lost his nerve and fled France. Significance: People ended up rallying to defend the Third Republic even though nobody really liked it. "It may be a crappy government, but it's OUR crappy government. "

Ems Dispatch

Famous telegram that Bismarck used to goad the French into declaring war on Prussia. Thus France was technically the aggressor. Bismarck edited this telegram to make it appear that the Prussian king had insulted the French minister and then he released it to the French press. Nationalism in France went into hyper-mode.

King William I (Kaiser Wilhelm I)

First king of a united Germany! was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire (the first was the Holy Roman Empire) in 1871. Bismarck was his Prime Minister when he had been King of Prussia, and continued in that role when he became King of Germany.

The Kingdom of Italy

First proclaimed after the joining of the expanded kingdom of Piedmont with Garibaldi's southern Italian states in 1861. The only remaining lands left to be gained were Venetia (Austrian controlled) and Rome (French protected) Through a series of wars, the unification was completed in 1870 when Rome became the new capital of Italy. (Trick question: Kingdom of Italy created in 1861, Italian peninsula unified in 1870)

Red Shirts

Garibaldi's nationalist volunteers

Third Republic 1870

Government for France imposed by Bismarck after the disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. - after the monarchist ruled government crushed the Commune, they couldn't decide who to make monarch, thus splitting the monarchist majority and allowing the republican minority to take control once again. The Third Republic was characterized by massive social division between the left and right. It makes modern America seem positively civil.

The Franchise Reform Bill of 1867

Granted the vote to lower class urban workers! passed by conservatives headed by Disraeli, it expanded the vote by lowering the monetary requirements, including many male urban workers. Disraeli expected to create an conservative coalition of the Upper classes and the lower classes against the Liberal middle class. The plan backfired. They instead voted for the Liberals, and helped produce a Liberal victory in 1868. Put it in the context of 1832, 1867, 1884 for the expansion of the right to vote in England. England is slowly becoming a democracy.

Tsar Alexander II

He was a realist who knew that reforms could not be postponed. He issued the Emancipation Edict of 1861, freeing the serfs. He also instituted zemstvos, providing some self-government.

Garibaldi

Italian Unification! Italian nationalist. His Red Shirts, using guerrilla warfare, helped southern Italy gain independence. Began a victorious /popular march up the Italian peninsula. (At the same time that Cavour was liberating northern Italy). Garibaldi didn't push to gain control of all of Italy, fearing the split it would cause, so he instead gave his southern portion to Cavour. Thus Italy was created in 1861

William Gladstone

Liberal Party prime minister of Britain who passed many reforms, including the Reform Act of 1884, giving the vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes. He also attempted to alleviate Irish discontent by enacting failed limited land reform and Irish Home Rule. - Gladstone's Liberals focused on individualism, free trade, and competition to solve social problems. Tried to create a level playing field for all individuals to compete (based on ability and merit) - His reforms included civil service exams, ending aristocratic privileges, secret ballots, Public Education.

Second Empire (France) 1852-70

Louis Napoleon became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French by a plebiscite in 1852. The Second Republic became the Second Empire. The French created an Authoritarian State (albeit a well run one) through universal male suffrage. (idiots).

Risorgimento

Mazzini's Liberal & nationalistic movement for a unified Italy (a republic free from foreign control). His liberal nationalism failed in 1848, and Italy was eventually unified by the actions of Cavour's more conservative Piedmont. (Liberals support republics, not monarchies) (sounds like Germany doesn't it?)

Young Italy Movement

Mazzini's failed republican cause for a unified Italy (supported by Garibaldi) back in 1848

Austro-Prussian War

Part of Bismarck's plan to weaken Austria. Started over Schleswig-Holstein and was over in 7 weeks. Prussia dominated Austria, weakened it, and made German unification under Prussian dominance possible.

Victor Emanuel II First King of Italy

Previously had been King of Piedmont with Cavour as his Prime Minister Should have changed his title to King Victor Emanuel I of Italy, but kept his number (II) of the Kingdom of Piedmont. This caused a bit of backlash among Italians.

Ulster

Province in the north of Ireland. Although Ireland is Catholic, Ulster has a protestant majority that opposed Home Rule. Ulsterites had no desire to become a protestant minority in a catholic majority country.

Queen Victoria

Queen of Britain who ruled during much of Gladstone's and Disraeli's governments.

Reform Bill of 1884

Reform passed by Gladstone's Liberal Party. It gave "the vote" to all men who paid regular rents or taxes, thus largely enfranchising the agricultural workers who were previously excluded. . Put it in the context of 1832, 1867, 1884 for the expansion of the right to vote in England. England is slowly becoming a democracy.

Schleswig-Holstein

Territory taken from the Danes by Prussia/Austria as part of Bismarck's grander scheme against the Austrians. Bismarck got Austria to join Prussia in declaring war on Denmark in 1864, quickly defeating the Danes and taking Schleswig-Holstein. Austria and Prussia governed the region. Bismarck did all this just so he could have an excuse later to begin a war with Austria over the joint administration of these newly gained territories.

Irish Home Rule

The idea that Ireland should have some measure of self-government. The Home Rule Bill was designed to give Ireland self-government but failed in both 1886 and 1893. Finally in 1914 Ireland broke from Britain, but Ulster remained connected. Irish Home Rule will split the Liberal party. The new (left-wing) Labour Party will benefit from the split.

Romantic Republicianism

The ineffective approach to unification of Italy. This approach by secret societies and liberals failed to unify Italy in 1830 and 1848.

Dreyfus Affair

The most divisive event in the 3rd Republic. Dreyfus was a Jewish captain in the French army. In 1895, a secret military court found him guilty of selling army secrets and condemned him to life in prison. During his trial, right-wing mobs yelled "Death to the Jews." Later it was discovered that Dreyfus was innocent, and he was pardoned in 1899. This series of events split France for several years and showed the animosity between Left and Right.

Eastern Question

The question of who will benefit from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. The Great Powers are like vultures circling a corpse. Which will dive first to pick over the bones of the Ottomans.

Prussia and Austria

The two rivals were considered by German nationalists as the only two states powerful enough to dominate German affairs. Prussia became the dominate power after the Austro-Prussian War of 1861. Austria's defeat enabled Bismarck to create Germany by expanding Prussian control.

Danish War

This short war was a part of Bismarck's master plan to exclude Austria from his new Germany. Germany and Austria would administer the newly acquired Schleswig-Holstein.

Sardinia-Piedmont

Under the leadership of Cavour it led the unification of Italy. Expanded it's power to became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Franco-Prussian War

War between Prussia and France that 1) ended the Second French Empire (in Section 4) 2) created the German Empire. (in Section 3) 3) gave Italy the opportunity to seize Rome! (in Section 2) Bismarck's manipulated France into this war with the Ems Dispatch. France was forced to give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. The bitterness over this defeat will have a big impact on France, and the euphoria of victory will have a big impact on Germany.

Émile Zola

Zola is mainly known for publishing a newspaper article entitled J'Accuse (I accuse) in which he accused the French army of forging the evidence that convicted Dreyfus and deliberately suppressing evidence that would vindicate him.

Zemstvos

created in 1864 by Alexander II, they were local assemblies that provided a moderate degree of self-government.

Tsar Alexander III

decided that, because of the assassination of his father, reform had been a mistake. He quickly instituted "exceptional measures" which included beefing up the secret police, persecuting constitutional reform advocates, and placing entire Russian districts under martial law if the government suspected the inhabitants of treason. He also curtailed his father's zemstvos.

North German Confederation

formed after the Austro-Prussian war, it combined German states north of the Main River into a Confederation controlled largely by Prussia. Southern German states meanwhile were coerced into signing military agreements with Prussia.

Emancipation Edict

issued in 1861 by Alexander II, it gave Russian serfs the right to property, to marry as they chose, and to bring suits in the law courts. They were provided with land by the government that they could purchase from the landowners, but the landowners kept the best land for themselves, and the peasants soon found that they didn't have enough good arable land to support themselves. The situation unexpectedly worsened as the peasant population increased rapidly in the second half of the 19th century.

Real Polotik

the "politics of reality", of which Bismarck, the "ultimate realist", was the foremost 19th century practitioner. Mr Adams' Real world definition: People tend to use this concept to justify whatever they wish to do when you disagree with them and find their action morally questionable.

Francis Joseph

the reining emperor of Austria during the creation of the Dual-Monarchy. Magyars- the Hungarian nationality that gained partial independence (mainly in domestic affairs) with the Dual-Monarchy in 1867

Mir

village communes in Russia that ensured that the peasants freed by the emancipation edict were repaying the state for their newly gained land. In a way, the village communes owned the land that the peasants were purchasing (the peasants weren't yet truly free).