ch 22 systematics and phylogeny

Eukarya

According to comparisons of rRNA genes, which domain is more closely related to archaea?

have evolved independently of other groups of populations

According to the phylogenetic species concept, a species is a group of population that

The one with the fewest number of character changes

According to the principle of parsimony, among a series of proposed cladograms, which is the most likely?

jaws

Based on the information presented in this cladogram, what is an ancestral trait for salamanders, lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans?

lungs

Based on this cladogram, what is a shared derived character for the group containing salamanders, lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans?

shared with the most recent common ancestor of a group, but not with prior ancestors.

Derived characters are

Blank 1: systematics Blank 2: classification

The field of____ involves the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, whereas _____uses that information to place organisms into taxonomic groups.

plantae, Animalia

The kingdoms ____and____ contain organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle.

classification

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as ______.

unique universally accepted

The scientific names assigned to animals must be ____.

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

What is systematics?

Domain

What is the eighth level of taxonomic classification, which is above kingdom?

Similarities in morphology

What kind of data were first used to create phylogenetic trees?

Parsimony

What principle proposes that the most likely phylogenetic tree is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states?

character

When examining species, we can look at multiple aspects, from DNA to behavior, of the make up of those organisms. Any such feature that we examine is called a(n) ____.

prokaryotes

When life first originated on Earth, the only living cells on Earth for more than a billion years were

They are interested in the timing of evolutionary change as well as the likely pathways.

Why are systematists interested in molecular clocks?

monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic

A _____group includes its most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants, a ______group includes its most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants, and a______ group does not include the most recent common ancestor of the organisms within the group.

Blank 1: ancestral or ancestor Blank 2: descendant

A clade consists of a common ____species and all of its ____species.

cladogram

A(n)____ is a phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic approach.

evolutionary relationships

Although organisms share many characteristics, the most meaningful groupings of organisms are based on

eukarya or eukaryotes bacteria

Among the three domains of life, Archaea are more closely related to___ than to____

Binomial

Currently, what system of nomenclature is the standard way of designating species?

similarity, likeness, resemblance, or phenotypic similarity

Early systematics (before the advent of molecular sequencing), was based on overall _____between species.

fungi, plantae, animalia, protista

Eukaryotes are grouped into the kingdoms ____, ____, ____, and ____.

Phylum

For any given organism, which of its taxonomic groups contains the most members?

lungs

For the group consisting of lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans in this cladogram, which of the following traits is an ancestral character?

outgroup

In cladistics, a species that is closely related to, but not a member of a clade that is being studied, is known as a(n)

outgroup

In cladistics, a(n) _______ is a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied.

character

In cladistics, a(n)_____ is any aspect of the phenotype, including morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA.

Plantae-Mostly multicellular during its life cycle, mainly stationary, manufacture their own food. Animalia-Mostly multicellular during most of its life cycle, mainly mobile, ingests food fungi-Multicellular and unicellular forms, stationary, digest and absorb food using extracellular enzymes

Match the eukaryotic kingdom with its description.

fossil

Molecular clocks and the _____record can be used to determine the timing of evolutionary change.

evolutionary relationships

Molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on ____.

Bacteria

Organisms in the domain____ are the most abundant organisms on Earth.

1. phylum 2. class 3. order 4. family 5. genus 6. species

Place the taxonomic levels listed below in order of decreasing numbers of species that they contain. Start with the taxon having the most species on top, and end with the taxon that contains the fewest species at the bottom.

latin or roman latin

Starting in the Middle Ages, the names of genera have been written in

domain

The taxonomic classification level that is more inclusive than kingdom is called a _____; biologists recognize three of them.

Blank 1: scientific or binomial

The uniform system of nomenclature used to name organisms ensures that every species has a unique____ name that is the same everywhere in the world.