ch. 23 circulatory pathways and the physiology of blood vessels

liver; ductus venosus

As the umbilical vein travels toward the fetal heart, some blood is transported to the _________. However, most of the blood in the umbilical vein is shunted through _________

cerebral arterial circle

Group of arteries at the base of the brain where the anastomizing of arteries providing the blood supply of the brain occurs; includes the posterior cerebral arteries, the posterior communicating arteries, the anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communication arteries.

posterior cerebral arteries

Near the superior border of the pons at the base of the cerebrum, the basilar artery divides to form the?

true

T/F: the lungs of a fetus are not functional

two lobar arteries

The left pulmonary artery enters the left lung and divides into?

left atrium

The newly oxygenated blood of the pulmonary circuit then drains first into venules and then into the pulmonary veins, it transports the blood to the? completing the pulmonary circuit

pulmonary veins

The newly oxygenated blood of the pulmonary circuit then drains first into venules and then into?

three lobar arteries

The right pulmonary artery enters the right lung and divides into? each which serves one lobe in the right lung

ductus arteriosus

a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch, once again bypassing the lungs

hepatic portal circulation

a component of the systemic circuit; where blood vessels that drain the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas carry blood to the liver for processing before it is returned to the heart

heart

a double pump pumping blood to all parts of the body

Cardiac Output (CO)

a function of the stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR)

bronchial artery

a visceral branch of the thoracic aorta of the systemic circuit that supplies the cells of the lungs with oxygen and nutrients

medial umbilical ligaments; ligamentum teres

after birth the blood vessels of the umbilical cord also collapse; the umbilical arteries becomes? the umbilical veins becomes?

ligamentum arteriosum

after birth the ductus arteriosus collapses and becomes the?

ligamentum venosum

after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes?

arteries are closer to the pumping action of the heart

arterial blood pressure is higher than venous blood pressure because?

lobar arteries

arteries branch profusely into arterioles that feed the capillary beds surrounding the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs

umbilical arteries

arteries that carry oxygen and nutrient poor blood from the fetus to the placenta

increases

as vasoconstriction occurs and vessel diameter decreases what happens to peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

decrease

as vasodilation occurs, vessel diameter increases and peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

oxygen and carbon dioxide

at the capillary beds what are the respiratory gases being exchanged?

diffusion and transcytosis

at the capillary beds, respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) as well as most nutrients and metabolic wastes are exchanged via what two processes?

120/80 mm Hg

average blood pressure?

80 mm Hg

average diastolic blood pressure is?

120 mm Hg

average systolic pressure is?

superior vena cava

blood from the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the fetal heart and mixes with the deoxygenated blood entering via the?

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

blood pressure is measured in units?

the pumping action of the heart and the resistance to flow as the blood moves through blood vessels

blood pressure is the result of what two factors?

pulmonary trunk

blood that enters the right ventricle is pumped into?

ductus arteriosus

blood that is pumped into the pulmonary trunk via the right ventricle is shunted to the systemic pathway via?

capillary

carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes move from the interstitial fluid into the?

ophthalmic

cerebral artery that supplies the eyes

anterior cerebral

cerebral artery that supplies the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

middle cerebral

cerebral artery that supplies the midbrain and lateral surfaces of the cerebrum

pulmonary circuit

circuit that transports blood from the heart to the lungs so that blood can pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

pulmonary circuit

circuit that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (where gas exchange occurs) via the pulmonary trunk and then returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

systemic circuit

circuit that transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body via the aorta and then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava

coronary circuit

circuit that transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the heart muscle wall via the coronary arteries and then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the coronary sinus

pulmonary trunk

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the?

ventricular relaxation

diastolic pressure occurs during?

oxygen and nutrients move out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid, whereas carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes move from the interstitial fluid into the capillary

each substance in the capillary bed moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; therefore?

capillaries of the placenta

exchange of oxygen and nutrients the fetus needs occurs where?

smaller arteries, arterioles, capillary beds

explain the order blood travels through

capillary beds, venules, cerebral veins, dural sinuses, internal jugular veins, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, right atrium

explain the path of the venous blood drainage starting from the capillary beds ending at the right atrium.

umbilical cord

fetal blood travels to and from the placenta through what?

fossa ovlais

following birth, the foramen ovale becomes the?

CO (mL/minute) = SV (mL/bear) x HR (beats/minute)

how do you calculate cardiac output? include the units

blood volume is regulated by hormones like aldosterone and ADH which stimulate the kidney to conserve water, therefore increasing blood volume

how is blood volume regulated?

arteriole end of capillary; venule end of capillary

hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure where in the capillary? and osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure where?

filtration

hydrostatic pressure pushes water of the capillary via?

basilar artery

in the skull, the two vertebral arteries fuse to form the? which travels along the ventral side of the brainstem and gives off branches to the pons, cerebellum, and inner ear.

increases

increases in the thickness (viscosity) of blood and obstruction of vessels causes what in accordance to peripheral resistance?

oxygenated

maternal blood vessels brings what type of blood to the placenta?

osmosis

osmotic pressure draws water into the capillary via?

interstitial fluid

oxygen and nutrients move out of the capillary and into the?

cerebral circulation

part of the systemic circuit that provides oxygenated blood to the brain

osmotic pressure

pressure that results from the presence of plasma proteins within the capillary? it draws water into the capillary via osmosis

portal system

system in which blood flows from one capillary bed through larger blood vessels (in this case, veins) to a second capillary bed.

ventricular contraction

systolic pressure occurs during?

false; that function is provided by the bronchial artery

t/f: the pulmonary circuit does provide the cells of the lungs with oxygen and nutrients

hepatic veins

the "processed" blood coming from the hepatic portal vein returns to the inferior vena cava via?

inferior vena cava

the "processed" blood coming from the hepatic portal vein returns to?

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

the brain is supplied by wha two pairs of arteries?

right atrium; coronary sinus

the coronary circuit returns deoxygenated blood to the? via the?

left ventricle; heart muscle wall; coronary arteries

the coronary circuit transports oxygenated blood from the? to the? via the?

blood pressure

the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels

pulmonary; a hole in the interatrial septum

the formaen ovale bypasses what type of circulation? and how?

anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, ophthalmic arteries

the internal carotid arteries divide into what three parts?

carotid canal of the temporal bone

the internal carotid arteries enter the skull through the?

systolic pressure

the maximum pressure exerted on the wall of an artery is known as?

diastolic pressure

the minimum pressure exerted on the wall of an artery is known as?

peripheral resistance

the opposition to blood flow and is a function of the amount of friction that blood encounters as it flows through blood vessels

fetal and maternal

the placenta is a vascular organ composed of what two type of tissues?

occipital and parts of the temporal lobe

the posterior cerebral arteries supply what brain lobes?

posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries

the posterior communicating arteries connect the?

transcytosis

the process by which substances are taken into one side of the cell by endocytosis and moved out of the other side of the cell by exocytosis

left atrium; pulmonary veins

the pulmonary circuit returns oxygenated blood to the? via the?

right ventricle; lungs (where gas exchange occurs); pulmonary trunk

the pulmonary circuit transports deoxygenated blood from the? to the? via the?

right and left pulmonary arteries

the pulmonary trunk splits into?

placenta

the site at which materials are exchanged between fetus and mother is the?

superior mesenteric vein

the splenic vein fuses with?

hepatic portal vein

the superior mesenteric vein becomes the?

right atrium; superior and inferior vena cava

the systemic circuit returns deoxygenated blood to the? via the?

left ventricle; aorta

the systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood from the? to all parts of the body via the?

inferior vena cava

the umbilical veins shunts most of the blood through the ductus venosus directly to what? therefore bypassing the fetal liver

right atrium

the vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the? of the heart

subclavian arteries

the vertebral arteries arise from the?

foramen magnum

the vertebral arteries enter the skull through the?

transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

the vertebral arteries pass superiorly through the?

right and left anterior cerebral arteries

these arteries are connected by a short anterior communicating artery

venules; superior or inferior vena cava

this returns deoxygenated blood to progressively larger veins, which eventually drain into either the?

hepatic portal vein

vein that carries blood to the capillaries of the liver, where foreign substances are removed by macrophages, harmful chemicals are detoxified, and nutrients are processed for storage

umbilical vein

vein that carries the oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the fetus

inferior mesenteric vein

vein that drains the distal part of the large intestine then joins the splenic vein

superior mesenteric vein

vein that drains the small intestine and the ascending and transverse colon

splenic vein

vein that drains the spleen and parts of the stomach and pancreas

deoxygenated blood; superior or inferior vena cava

venules returns what type of blood to larger veins? those larger veins drain into?

arteriole end; venule end

water leaves the capillary at what end and enters in what end?

through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle; directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale

what are two different pathways the blood takes out of the right atrium in the fetal heart?

one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries

what does the umbilical cord contain?

venules

what drains capillary beds?

peripheral resistance, cardiac output, blood volume

what factors affect blood pressure?

pulmonary circuit

what is the only instance in adults in which veins carry oxygenated blood?

gas exchange

what occurs oxygen in the alveoli enters the blood of the capillary, and carbon dioxide in the capillary enters the alveoli?

albumin

what plasma protein is primarily present in osmotic pressure in the capillaries?

cerebral; provides alternate routes for blood flow via anastomosing arteries by forming the cerebral arterial circle

what type of circulation helps to prevent damage to delicate brain tissue from an arterial blockage? how?

hydrostatic

what type of pressure is the result of blood pressure in the capillary? it pushes water out of the capillary via filtration

direct

what type of relationship does blood volume and blood pressure have?

direct

what type of relationship does cardiac output and blood pressure have?

longer

what type of vessels have higher peripheral resistance?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

what types of pressure plays a major role in the movement of water into and out of capillaries?

capillary beds

where does the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs?

because brains cells have a high metabolic rate

why is the continuous blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain crucial?