Ch. 24

In 1955, what percentage of nonagricultural workers were unionized?

35%

League of United Latin American Citizens

A Southwestern group that challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students.

juvenile delinquency

A mid-1950s panic about �juvenile delinquency'' occurred as a result of works such as J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye.

rock-and-roll music

A musical style derided as alarming, overly sexualized, and provocative.

the beats

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture.

Who was a leading voice of the Beats?

Allen Ginsberg

"standard consumer package"

Along with a home and television set, the car became part of what sociologists called �the standard consumer package� of the 1950s.

''missile gap''

An belief that the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.

The name for the small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture, and that included Allen Ginsberg, was the

Beats

Which of the following was not a feature of Martin Luther King Jr.'s philosophy?

Black Americans must not try for full racial equality too quickly; before they achieve that, they must first prove their worthiness to all America.

During the 1950s, the mass movement for civil rights found principal support among

Black southern church

What was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case decided on May 17, 1954, in which the Warren Court unanimously asserted that segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

housing discrimination

During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, thereby financing housing segregation.

sputnik

First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union.

school segregation

For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorney Thurgood Marshall, had pressed legal challenges to the �separate but equal� doctrine, and in the 1950s, attitudes began to shift.

massive retaliation

In 1954, John Foster Dulles announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment. �Massive retaliation,� as it was called, declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself.

Capitalism and Freedom

In 1962, Milton Friedman published Capitalism and Freedom, which identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty.

social contract

In leading industries, labor and management hammered out what has been called a new �social contract.� Unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management�s hands, and they agreed to try to prevent unauthorized �wildcat� strikes.

The principal organization in the Southwest—the equivalent of the NAACP—that challenged restrictions on housing and employment, as well as the segregation of Latino students was named the

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC).

levittown

Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere.

What did President Eisenhower call his domestic agenda that embraced a "mixed economy," in which the government played a major role in planning economic activity, and by which Eisenhower consolidated and legitimized the New Deal?

Modern Republicanism

In the aftermath of Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give her bus seat to a white rider, a year-long bus boycott took place in what city?

Montgomery, Alabama

National Defense Education Act

Passed in reaction to America�s perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.

"end of ideology"

Scholars celebrated the �end of ideology� and the triumph of a democratic, capitalist �consensus� in which all Americans except the maladjusted and fanatics shared the same liberal values of individualism, respect for private property, and belief in equal opportunity.

Montgomery bus boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks�s arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Iranian coup

The U.S.- sponsored coup that overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953 created resentments that helped lead to Iran�s Islamic Revolution twenty-five years later.

Which of the following was not a key premise of American foreign policy during the Eisenhower years?

The United States will always respect the sovereignty of foreign democracies—even those whose policies we oppose.

military-industrial complex

The conjunction of �an immense military establishment� with a �permanent arms industry'' with and influence felt in ''every office'' in the land.

"checkers speech"

The �Checkers speech,� named after the family dog, rescued Nixon's political career. It illustrated how television was beginning to transform politics by allowing candidates to bring a carefully crafted image directly into Americans� living rooms.

Brown v. Board of Education

U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared �separate but equal�� unconstitutional.

Which was not part of the new "social contract" between organized labor and management in leading industries during the 1950s?

Unions sponsored "wildcat" strikes in an effort to discipline management.

women at work

Working women in 1960 earned, on average, only 60 percent of the income of men. Despite the increasing numbers of wage-earning women, the suburban family�s breadwinner was assumed to be male, while the wife remained at home.

Which of the following was not a prominent feature of suburban married life during the 1950s?

a growing tendency of husbands and wives to share the roles of breadwinner and homemaker

Which of the following was not a significant trend in 1950s America?

a surge of student radicalism on college campuses

In the 1950s, Richard Nixon pioneered efforts to transform the Republican Party's image from

defender of business to champion of the "forgotten man," for whom heavy taxation had become a burden.

Which was not one of the elements of "the power elite"—the interlocking directorate that dominated government and society in the 1950s—in the view of sociologist C. Wright Mills?

labor leaders

Which of the following was not a key cause of the economic prosperity of the 1950s?

large income tax reductions

The 1954 update to the doctrine of containment, announced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, that declared a Soviet attack on any American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union, was called "brinksmanship" by its critics and what by supporters?

massive retaliation

The wave of decolonization that began when India and Pakistan achieved independence in 1947, and by which, in the decades following World War II, Europe's centuries-old empires collapsed, witnessed the newly created Third World nations

resisting alignment with either major power bloc.

Formed in 1955, what was the coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists that pressed for desegregation and had Martin Luther King Jr. as its leader?

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The National Defense Education Act, which for the first time offered direct federal funding for higher education, was passed into law by Congress in 1957 in response to

the Soviet launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik.