Ch 24 - Urinary and Acid Base Balance

Which nervous system structure(s) relays the sensation of urinary bladder fullness to the cerebral cortex in the micturition reflex? a. projection fibers b. an interneuron c. afferent fibers in the pelvic nerves d. stretch receptors

a

Which of the following is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of the kidney? a. fibrous capsule b. renal fascia c. peritoneum d. perinephric fat capsule

a

Which renal hormone or neural mechanism in the central regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) stimulates peripheral vasoconstriction, in conjunction with angiotensin II? a. Sympathetic activation (in conjunction with angiotensin II) b. Renin c. Aldosterone d. Angiotensin II e. ADH

a

Which statement regarding the kidneys is false? a. The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney. b. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. c. Each kidney is stabilized and protected by three concentric layers of connective tissue. d. The kidneys lie between vertebrae T12 and L3.

a

Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis? a. Conversion of water to carbonic acid occurs. b. The renal response to acidosis involves absorbing H+ ions. c. The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2. d. The renal response to acidosis involves secreting HCO3-.

c

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? a. reabsorption b. secretion c. filtration d. reabsorption and secretion

c

All of the following statements are true of potassium balance except: a. The primary mechanism of potassium secretion involves diffusion. b. Potassium balance exists when the rate of urinary potassium excretion matches the rate of digestive tract absorption. c. Roughly 98 percent of the potassium content of the human body is in the ICF. d. The activity of ion pumps is regulated by circulating levels of rennin.

d

Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra? a. internal urethral sphincter b. trigone c. external urethral sphincter d. detrusor muscle

d

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. a. ADH b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. renin

d

Organic acids: a. can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs. b. are generated in small amounts during the catabolism of amino acids. c. are metabolized slowly. d. are acid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism.

d

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe. a. renal papilla b. major calyx c. renal pelvis d. minor calyx

d

When someone's blood pressure rises slightly, the function of their urinary system will probably most immediately change in which of the following ways? a. Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule will rise b. Water reabsorption in the collecting duct will increase c. Urine production will decrease d. GFR will rise

d

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? a. Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. b. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. c. The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. d. The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

d

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? a. blood colloid osmotic pressure b. filtration pressure c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure d. capsular colloid osmotic pressure

d

Which is true regarding respiratory acidosis? a. Elevated PCO2 results in an increase in plasma pH. b. It is a very uncommon, but rarely severe, condition. c. Alveolar and plasma PCO2 decreases when respiratory activity does not keep pace with the rate of CO2 generation. d. It develops if the rate of CO2 generation exceeds the rate of CO2 removal.

d

Which metabolite(s) or nutrient(s) is/are not present in normal urine? a. amino acids b. glucose c. lipids d. proteins

d

Which of the following does not occur in the distal convoluted tubule? a. A combination of secretion and reabsorption further alters the solute composition of the tubular fluid. b. Sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions. c. Only 15-20 percent of the initial filtrate volume reaches the DCT. d. Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid.

d

Which of the following is an ionic compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion? a. base b. buffer c. acid d. salt

d

______ deliver blood to the glomerulus. a. Efferent arterioles b. Arcuate arteries c. Peritubular capillaries d. Afferent arterioles

d

The urethral lining consists of: a. stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice. b. stratified columnar epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder. c. transitional epithelium at the midpoint of the urethra. d. stratified squamous epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder.

a

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream? a. bicarbonate ions b. potassium ions c. phosphate ions d. sulfate ions

a

During the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which event does not occur when the normal GFR is decreased? a. dilation of efferent arterioles b. contraction of mesangial cells c. dilation of afferent arterioles d. constriction of efferent arterioles

a

Sympathetic innervation in the kidneys adjusts blood flow and blood pressure at the glomeruli and stimulates the release of ______. a. renin b. urea c. aldosterone d. creatinine

a

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow. a. mesangial cells b. juxtaglomerular complex c. podocytes d. dense layer

a

Hormonal or metabolic complications of the urinary system such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in: a. dysuria. b. polyuria. c. urinary retention. d. anuria.

b

How is the osmotic concentration of the tubular fluid adjusted in the DCT and collecting system? a. filtration b. active transport c. continuous osmotic flow of water d. All three mechanisms (filtration, active transport, and continuous osmotic flow of water) are transport mechanisms that occur in the DCT and collecting system to adjust the osmolarity of tubular fluid.

b

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? a. nephron loop b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. renal corpuscle

b

Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. collecting system c. distal convoluted tubule d. nephron loop

b

What is the function of the vasa recta? a. to collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion b. to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in the juxtamedullary nephron c. to collect blood from the capillaries of nephrons d. to return blood to the inferior vena cava

b

Which buffer system is most important in the ECF and functions to protect against the effects of the organic and fixed acids generated through metabolic activity? a. amino acid buffers b. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system c. hemoglobin buffer system d. phosphate buffer system

b

Which component, of those listed below, has the lowest concentration (mEq/L or mg/dL) in both plasma and dialysis fluid? a. Cl- b. K+ c. glucose d. Na+

b

Which nephron part do you think will be most at risk of damage due to chronic hypertension? a. Collecting duct b. Renal corpuscle c. Nephron loop d. Proximal convoluted tubule

b

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine? a. creatinine b. uric acid c. ammonia d. urea

b

Which of the following transport mechanism(s) occur(s) in the distal convoluted tubule? a. Transport by counter-transport pumps b. All of the listed responses are correct. c. Diffusion d. Transport by carrier proteins

b

Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. collecting duct c. distal convoluted tubule d. nephron loop

b

Hypertensive kidney failure would most likely result in which of the following conditions? a. Increased retention of glucose b. Increased retention of lipids c. Increased retention of creatinine d. Increased retention of amino acids

c

In the countercurrent multiplication mechanism: a. active transport at the apical surface of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. b. as water is reabsorbed along the DCT and collecting duct, the concentration of urea gradually decreases in the tubular fluid. c. active transport at the apical surface of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. d. the removal of sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb decreases the osmotic concentration of the peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb.

c

Most of the nerve fibers that adjust blood flow and blood pressure at the glomeruli are of which type? a. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers b. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers c. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers d. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

c

The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has: a. a lower osmotic concentration than plasma. b. a higher osmotic concentration than plasma. c. the same osmotic concentration as plasma. d. the same composition as plasma, including plasma proteins.

c

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? a. potassium ions b. glucose c. hydrogen ions d. toxins and drugs

c

Which of the following reabsorbs 25 percent of the water in the nephron? a. distal convoluted tubule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. nephron loop d. collecting system

c