CH. 25 Practice Quiz

The set of guidelines known as ________ are used to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms.

Koch's postulates

Prokaryotic cells are distinguished from eukaryotic cells by:

a circular genome, absence of a nuclear envelope, absence of mitochondria

many prokaryotes have

a slime layer, outer layers made of polysaccharide/protein, a capsule

Spherical prokaryotes are called ____________ they may occur in pairs called ____________ in chains called _________ or in clumps or bunches called __________.

cocci, diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci

Conjugation

contributes to genetic variation, occurs in bacteria, is an example of horizontal gene transfer

During photosynthesis, ________ fix large amounts of carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes and fungi are nature's primary ________.

decomposers

________ obtain their energy from dead organic matter.

decomposers

Pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protists that cause ________.

disease

In some ways, archaea are actually more like ______ than bacteria.

eukaryotes

Bacterial flagella:

exhibit rotary motion

Archaea that require either a very high or a very low temperature for growth are considered to be ________.

extreme halophiles

Archaea that require either a very high or a very low temperature for growth are considered to be ________.

extreme thermophiles

Prokaryotes use a rotating ___________ consisting of a basal body, a hook, and a single filament as their main method of movement. Movement of bacteria in response to chemicals in the environment is called ___________. .

flagella, chemotaxis

Prokaryote taxonomy is now based largely on molecular data, RNA sequencing and more recently on ________.

genome sequencing

prokaryote taxonomy relies on

genomic sequencing, RNA sequencing, molecular data

Bacteria that do not retain the stain when rinsed with alcohol are called _________________ bacteria.

gram-negative

Bacteria that absorb and retain crystal violet stain are referred to as _______________ bacteria.

gram-positive

Penicillin works most effectively against _______________ bacteria because it interferes with _______________ synthesis.

gram-positive, peptidoglycan

The majority of bacteria are: Autotrophs, photosynthesizers, heterotrophs, pathogens, anaerobes

heterotrophs

Prokaryotes

may transfer genetic information horizontally, may have fimbriae, may be gram-positive, are cellular organisms

____________ are a group of archaea that inhabit oxygen-free environments such as sewage or swamps

methanogens

The community of harmless bacteria that inhabit the surface of the human skin is called a ________.

microbiota

Peptidoglycan is a chemical compound found in the cell walls of:

most bacteria

Because bacteria reproduce by binary fission, ________ are quickly passed on to new generations, and natural selection effects are quickly evident.

mutations

The three types of symbiotic relationships that can be observed when prokaryotes interact with other organisms are ________ when both partners benefit from the relationship, _________ when one partner benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped, and ______ when one benefits and the other is harmed in some way as a result of the relationship.

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Plant growth is dependent upon __________ which must be continually added to the soil. ________ bacteria that form mutualistic relationships with legumes are involved in this process.

nitrogen, rhizobial

In prokaryotes, there is a nuclear area that contains DNA and resembles the nucleus in eukaryotes; it is referred to as the ________. You Answered

nucleoid

the disease MRSA is caused by

organisms that use horizontal gene transfer, a drug resistant bacterium, a combination of methicillin-and vanomycin resistant bacteria, staphylococcus aureus

In free-living species of bacteria, the outer covering may provide the cell with protection against phagocytosis by _______.

other microorganisms

Animals obtain nitrogen from organic compounds when they eat _______.

other organisms

The bacterial cell wall includes ________, a polymer that consists of two unusual types of sugars linked with short polypeptides.

peptidoglycan

When compared to bacteria, archaea do not have _______ in their cell walls.

peptidoglycan

the cell wall surrounds the ______. the rigid cell wall _________ the cell, maintains the cell's ________, and keeps the cell from ________ hypotonic stress.

plasma membrane, supports, shape, bursting

In addition to their genomic DNA, many bacteria have small amounts of genetic information present as one or more ______, which are circular fragments of DNA.

plasmids

Fimbriae are made of ________ and are shorter than ______________.

protein, flagella or pili

Some bacteria form dormant, durable cells called endospores. However, unlike in fungi and plants, in bacteria the formation of endospores is not a form of ______.

reproduction

Under a microscope, most prokaryotes appear to be similar in _______ and _______ .

size, shape

Bacteria that retain crystal violet stain differ from those that do not retain the stain in having a:

thicker peptidoglycan layer

____________ obtain energy from chemical compounds and ____________ obtain energy from sunlight.

Chemotrophs, phototrophs

True or false: Exchange of genetic material between bacteria sometimes occurs by fusion of gametes

FALSE

Rigid spiral shaped prokaryote is known as a ________, and a flexible spiral-shaped prokaryote is called a __________

Spirillium, spirochete

Most bacterial cells are _______________, or require oxygen for cellular respiration. Some other bacteria, however, are ____________ that use oxygen if it's available, or _____________ that carry out anaerobic respiration.

aerobic, facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobes

Organisms require nitrogen for the synthesis of _____________ and ____________

amino acids, nucleic acids

Compounds produced by microorganisms that either inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms are called ________.

antibiotics

The two domains of prokaryotes are _______ and ________ .

archaea and bacteria

Organisms that are able to use inorganic compounds as a source of carbon for making organic compounds are called ________.

autotrophs

Rod-shaped prokaryotes are known as ________.

bacilli

Possible shapes for a prokaryotic organism are

bacillus, spirochete, spirillum, coccus, vibrio

Three different types of reproduction in prokaryotes are __________,_________, and __________

binary fission, budding, fragmentation

A high percentage of infections acquired in hospitals involve bacteria inhabiting ________.

biofilms

Many bacteria that inhabit watery environments form dense films called ______ that attach to solid surfaces. _________ that forms in the mouth is one example.

biofilms, dental plaque

________ uses microorganisms to detoxify, the process of removing toxic chemicals, from the environment.

bioremediation

A small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the main chromosome is:

called a `plasmid

In some bacteria a capsule or slime layer surrounds the ________.

cell wall

Horizontal gene transfer occurs in prokaryotes in at least three ways. Prokaryotic cells take up fragments of foreign DNA or RNA released by other prokaryotes in a process called _______________ . In _________________ , a phage carries bacterial genes from one bacterial cell into another. In the third way, prokaryotes of two different "mating types" may exchange genetic material during ___________

transformation, transformation, conjugation

When genetic material is transferred from parent to offspring, ________ gene transfer occurs. If the organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring, _______ gene transfer occurs.

vertical, horizontal

The antibiotic penicillin:

works best on gram-positive bacteria, interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis, works best on gram-negative bacteria