CH 25 - URINARY SYSTEM

Typical adult kidney is __________ long, __________ wide, and __________ thick

10 cm, 5.5 cm, 3 cm

__________ of blood flows through kidneys each minute

1200 ml

Glomeruli generate about __________ liters of filtrate per day. __________ % is reabsorbed in renal tubules.

180, 99

kidneys receive __________ percent of total cardiac output

20-25

Filtration occurs in renal corpuscle (bundle of __________ capillaries)

50

__________ is amino acids in urine

Aminociduria

The __________ is the third segment of the renal tubule. It has a smaller diameter than PCT.

Distal convoluted tubule

Stimulus (__________) travels from afferent fibers in pelvic nerves to sacral spinal cord

Micturition reflex

The __________ is a renal tubule that turns toward the renal medulla

Nephron loop

The __________ is the first segment of renal tubule.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys. __________ occurs in proximal convoluted tubule.

Reabsorption

__________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine, varies with substance involved

Renal threshold

__________ fluid flows toward renal pelvis

Thick descending limb

__________ fluid flows toward renal cortex

Thin ascending limb

Three organic waste products in urine: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

Urea, creatinine, uric acid

The lighter-colored tissue of the kidney, which is most superficial, is the __________. a. Cortex b. Medulla c. Pelvis d. Papilla e. Pyramid

a. Cortex

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? a. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure b. Blood colloid osmotic pressure c. Capsular hydrostatic pressure d. Countertransport

a. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What is the structural unit of the kidney that functions to produce urine? a. Nephron b. Papillary Duct c. Glomerulus d. Collecting Duct e. Renal Pelvis

a. Nephron

The kidney is anchored to the abdominal wall by the __________. a. Renal Fascia b. Renal Medulla c. Renal Cortex d. Adipose Capsule e. Fibrous Renal Capsule

a. Renal Fascia

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. a. glomerular filtration rate b. countercurrent multiplication c. vasa recta filtration rate d. filtration pressure

a. glomerular filtration rate

Perinephric fat is a thick layer of __________

adipose tissue

__________ arterioles branch from each cortical radiate artery and deliver blood to capillaries supplying individual nephrons

afferent

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? a. Conservation of nutrients b. Adaptive immunity c. Regulation of blood volume d. control of calcium levels

b. Adaptive immunity

Which of the following is the correct description of the ureter? a. It produces urine b. It transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder c. It transports urine from the urinary bladder out of the body d. It stores urine prior to elimination

b. It transports urine from the kidney to urinary bladder

Which renal blood vessels are involved with reabsorbing materials from the filtrate? a. Efferent Arteriole b. Peritubular Capillaries c. Cortical Radiate Veins d. Arcuate Veins

b. Peritubular Capillaries

The triangular-shaped renal __________ are located in the medulla. a. Minor Calyces b. Pyramids c. Columns d. Papillae e. Major Calyces

b. Pyramids

Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures? a. Fibrous capsule b. Renal fascia c. Perinephric fat capsule d. Parietal peritoneum

b. Renal fascia

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________. a. the nephron loop b. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system c. the distal convoluted tubule d. the collecting system

b. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________. a. afferent arterioles b. peritubular capillaries c. interlobular veins d. segmental veins

b. peritubular capillaries

__________ forces water and __________ across membrane into capsular space

blood pressure, small solutes

The Urinary system regulates __________ and __________ by adjusting volume of water lost in urine and releasing __________ and __________

blood volume, blood pressure, erythropoietin, renin

Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false? a. Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases the GFR. b. Renin is released when the GFR is low. c. Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR. d. Elevation of blood pressure increases the GFR.

c. Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.

What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate? a. Nephron loop b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Distal convoluted tubule d. Renal corpuscle

c. Distal convoluted tubule

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions? a. Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule b. Nephron loop and proximal convoluted tubule c. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct d. Glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule

c. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? a. Reabsorption b. Secretion c. Filtration d. Cotransport

c. Filtration

Which of the following is not an effect of advanced age on the urinary system? a. Problems with urinary retention in males due to an enlarged prostate b. Reduced sensitivity to ADH c. Increase in the GFR d. Increase in the formation of kidney stones

c. Increase in the GFR

Which organ in the urinary system produces urine? a. Urinary bladder b. Ureter c. Kidney d. Urethra

c. Kidney

What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated? a. Distal convoluted tubule b. Glomerulus c. Nephron loop and collecting duct d. Proximal convoluted tubule

c. Nephron loop and collecting duct

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? a. Nephron loop b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Proximal convoluted tubule d. Collecting duct

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? a. Renal cortex b. Renal hilum c. Renal medulla d. Renal pelvis

c. Renal medulla

What is the function of the urethra? a. The urethra is the storage site for urine. b. The urethra is the site of urine formation. c. The urethra connects the urinary bladder to the external environment. d. The urethra connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

c. The urethra connects the urinary bladder to the external environment

What is the hollow muscular tube that conducts urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder? a. Rugae b. Collecting Duct c. Ureter d. Urethra e. Nephron

c. Ureter

What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? a. Trigone b. Renal pelvis c. Ureter d. Urethra

c. Ureter

In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________. a. collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct b. nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts c. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop d. renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis

c. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________. a. nephron loop b. distal convoluted tubule c. renal corpuscle d. proximal convoluted tubule

c. renal corpuscle

The openings of the urethra and the two ureters signify an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________. a. renal sinus b. external urethral sphincter c. trigone d. internal urethral sphincter

c. trigone

The fibrous capsule is a layer of __________

collagen fibers

Each nephron empties into the __________, a series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron

collecting system

__________ account for 85 percent of all nephrons, located mostly within superficial __________ of the kidney

cortical nephrons, cortex

The majority of the nephrons (approximately 85 percent) are __________ nephrons, located primarily in the __________. a. Juxtamedullary; cortex b. Cortical; medulla c. Juxtamedullary; medulla d. Cortical; cortex

d. Cortical; cortex

Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation? a. Vasa recta b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Nephron loop d. Distal convoluted tubule

d. Distal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation? a. Vasa recta b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Nephron loop d. Distal convoluted tubule

d. Distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is not a waste product normally found in urine? a. Creatinine b. Urea c. Ammonia d. Glucose

d. Glucose

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? a. Elimination of waste into the environment b. Removal of organic waste products from body fluids c. Homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma d. Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

d. Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

The renal pyramids are located within the renal __________. a. Pelvis b. Capsule c. Cortex d. Medulla e. Fascia

d. Medulla

The ureter is lined with a mucosa consisting of a layer of __________ epithelium covering a lamina propria. a. Stratified Cuboidal b. Simple Cuboidal c. Stratified Squamous d. Transitional

d. Transitional

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine? a. Kidney b. Ureter c. Urethra d. Urinary bladder

d. Urinary bladder

Sixty to 70 percent of the water in the body is reabsorbed in the __________. a. renal corpuscle b. collecting duct c. distal convoluted tubule d. proximal convoluted tubule

d. proximal convoluted tubule

The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. a. renal pelvis b. rugae c. detrusor d. trigone

d. trigone

The urinary system assists liver in __________

detoxifying poisons

The muscularis layer consists of the __________ muscle

detrusor

A condition that often occurs following weight loss in which the kidneys lose their support from either the renal fascia or the adipose capsule is called __________.A condition that often occurs following weight loss in which the kidneys lose their support from either the renal fascia or the adipose capsule is called __________. a. Urethritis b. Cystitis c. Urethritis d. Glomerulonephritis e. Nephroptosis

e. Nephroptosis

Blood from the abdominal aorta enters the kidney via the __________. a. Interlobar Vein b. Arcuate Artery c. Segmental Arteries d. Renal Vein e. Renal Artery

e. Renal Artery

Which of the following blood vessels conducts oxygenated blood into the kidney from the abdominal aorta? a. Renal Vein b. Interlobar Artery c. Segmental Artery d. Interlobar Vein e. Renal Artery

e. Renal Artery

Blood from the Glomerulus leaves in __________ arteriole

efferent

The Juxtaglomerular Complex is an endocrine structure that secretes __________ and __________

erythropoietin, renin

Three functions of the Urinary System 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

excretion, elimination, homeostatic regulation (blood and plasma)

Place the following structures in the correct order as they occur from the glomerulus: 1. Distal convoluted tubule 2. Nephron loop 3. Ascending limb 4. Proximal convoluted tubule 5. Descending limb 6. Collecting duct 7. Connecting tubule a. 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 1, 7 b. 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 7, 6 c. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 d. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4, 7, 6 e. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1, 6, 7 f. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1, 7, 6

f. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1, 7, 6

Glomerular capillaries are __________ capillaries

fenestrated

Renal Fascia is a dense, __________, outer layer

fibrous

Each kidney is protected by three layers: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia

Filtration produces protein-free solution (__________) similar to blood plasma

filtrate

Basic processes of urine formation: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Three functions of the Renal Tubule 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Renal Corpuscle consists of: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

glomerular capsule, cup-shaped chamber, glomerulus

The __________ is the amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute (averages 125ml/min)

glomerular filtration rate

Net hydrostatic pressure (glomerular) is the difference between __________ and __________

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure

__________ is glucose in urine

glycosuria

__________ account for 15 percent of all nephrons, located deep into __________ of the kidney

juxtamedullary nephrons, medulla

The __________ kidney lies superior to the __________ kidney

left, right

The __________ is formed by four or five minor calyces

major calyx

Urination or __________ is the process of __________

micturition, eliminating urine

__________ are microscopic tubular structures in __________ of each renal lobe, where urine production begins

nephrons, cortex

Collecting ducts carry fluid to __________ that drains into a minor calyx

papillary duct

Several collecting ducts converge into a larger __________ which empties into a minor __________

papillary duct, calyx

Filtration at renal corpuscle is __________, flowing high to low with no energy required

passive

The Hilium is the point of entry for the right and left __________. It is the point of exit for the __________.

renal arteries, renal vein

__________ takes blood to kidney

renal artery

The __________ is the superficial portion of kidney in contact with renal capsule. It is reddish brown and granular.

renal cortex

The __________ ducts discharge urine into minor calyx

renal papilla

The __________ fills most of renal sinus

renal pelvis

The Kidney Lobe consists of: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________

renal pyramid, renal cortex, renal columns

Cortical radiate veins drain directly into __________

renal vein

The kidneys are located __________ (back of abdomen)

retroperitoneal

Epithelial lining of Proximal Convoluted Tubule is __________

simple cuboidal

The Urinary system regulates plasma ion concentrations: __________, __________, and __________ (by controlling quantities lost in urine and through synthesis of __________)

sodium, potassium, chloride ions, calcitrol

Micturition reflex begins when __________ receptors stimulate __________ preganglionic motor neurons

stretch, parasympathetic

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system, increases __________ motor tone

sympathetic

__________ adjusts rate of urine formation, stimulates release of __________, which restricts losses of water and salt in urine

sympathetic innervation, renin

The __________ segments of kidneys are freely permeable to water

thin

Urinary system has __________ epithelium

transitional