Ch 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance (Marieb) - Mutliple Choice Set

Which statement regarding acids is true? -Most acid is a result of ingestion with food. -When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. -Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. -They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. -Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids.

-Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

__________ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments. -Intracellular fluid -Plasma -Lymph -Interstitial fluid

-Plasma

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is: -an increase in potassium levels in the ICF. -stimulation of the baroreceptors.. -inhibition of the osmoreceptors. -an increase in ECF water concentration. -reduced blood volume.

-reduced blood volume.

If a patient's pH is 7.3, PCO2 is 50 mmHg and bicarbonate level is higher than normal, she is in: -metabolic acidosis compensated. -metabolic alkalosis compensated. -respiratory acidosis compensated. -metabolic acidosis uncompensated. -respiratory acidosis uncompensated.

-respiratory acidosis compensated.

Electrolyte balance in the body usually referrs to the balance of _________. -organic molecules -acids -salts -bases

-salts

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is: -potassium. -calcium. -chloride. -sodium. -phosphate. -magnesium.

-sodium.

When large amounts of pure water are consumed: -the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. -the volume of the ECF will decrease. -osmolarities of the two compartments will be slightly lower. -the volume of the ICF will increase due to osmosis. -a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.

-the volume of the ICF will increase due to osmosis.

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases: -there is an increase in the level of aldosterone. -more ADH is released. -there is an increase in the level of ANP. -a person experiences an increased thirst. -osmoreceptors are stimulated.

-there is an increase in the level of aldosterone.

The major source of water loss from the body is: -feces. -urine. -sweat. -insensible respiratory loss. -insensible skin loss.

-urine.

Any arterial pH between _________ is considered physiological acidosis. -7.0 - 7.35 -6.5 - 7.0 -6.5 - 7.35 -7.35 - 7.45

-7.0 - 7.35

All of the following statements about ADH are true except: -A decrease in blood pressure would cause an increase in ADH release. -The amount of water lost in the urine is inversely proportional to the amount of ADH released. -ADH decreases the volume of urine and dilutes urine. -In the absence of ADH, there is a lack of aquaporins in the luminal membranes of the principal cells.

-ADH decreases the volume of urine and dilutes urine.

Which factor would increase the secretion of ADH? -Excess salt consumption -Ethanol consumption -Increased renal blood flow -Hypotonic ECF concentration -Thirst

-Excess salt consumption

Which of the following would result in hypotonic hydration? -Heavy perspiration coupled with heavy breathing -Extremely large amount of water drunk very quickly. -Drinking large amounts of salt water -Secretion of aldosterone -Consuming large amounts of salty foods

-Extremely large amount of water drunk very quickly.

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? -Chloride -Hydrogen -Calcium -Sodium -Phosphorus

-Hydrogen

Which condition would cause a drop in pH? -Hypernatremia -Hyperventilation -Hypovolumemia -Hypokalemia -Hypoventilation

-Hypoventilation

Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death? -Increased K+ results in disruption of the electric potential of cardiac tissue. -Potassium chloride is an adrenergic receptor mimic. -Increased K+ causes hyperpolarization of membranes. -Hypokalemia causes dehydration. -Hyperkalemia results in acidosis which is lethal.

-Increased K+ results in disruption of the electric potential of cardiac tissue.

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? -Intracellular fluid -Blood plasma -Extracellular fluid -Interstitial fluid

-Intracellular fluid

Which of the following statements about the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are incorrect? -It acts as a potent diuretic but does not affect Na+ levels in the body. -It suppresses the release of renin and aldosterone. -It is released in response to stretching certain cells in the heart. -It reduces blood pressure and inhibits vasoconstriction.

-It acts as a potent diuretic but does not affect Na+ levels in the body.

Why would eating a large amount of salty food make you thirsty? -It would decrease the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. -It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. -It would cause decreased extracellular fluid volume. -It would inhibit the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. -It would immediately cause more urine output.

-It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

The most abundant positive electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is: -Fe2+ -Mg2+ -Ca2+ -K+ -Na+

-Na+

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is: -Ca2+ -K+ -Na+ -Mg2+ -Fe2+

-Na+

Renal acid-base control is coupled to: -Na+ transport. -plasma protein levels. -ADH secretion. -water intake.

-Na+ transport.

Which of the following statements about sodium balance regulation is incorrect? -Sodium balance is indirectly dependent on sympathetic stimulation. -Na+ is the most abundant electrolyte in the extracellular fluid compartment. -Reabsorption of Na+ does not exhibit a transport maximum. -Where water goes, sodium follows.

-Where water goes, sodium follows.

When the production of hydrogen ions in the body is the same as their loss, you are in: -water balance. -electrolyte balance. -acid-base balance.

-acid-base balance.

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? -bone -adipose -muscle -nervous tissue

-adipose

Which of the following hormones is not involved in the overall control of blood volume? -aldosterone -adrenaline -ADH -Angiotensin II

-adrenaline

Estrogens are chemically similar to _________ and therefore are associated with water retention. -ANP -renin -aldosterone -ADH

-aldosterone

The level of phosphate in the body is affected by all of the following hormones except: -parathyroid hormone -insulin -aldosterone -glucagon

-aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic peptide: -decreases ADH. -decreases aldosterone. -reduces thirst. -is released by the heart. -all of the above

-all of the above.

Physiology adjustments of water and electrolytes are made by: -aldosterone. -ADH. -atrial natriuretic peptide. -all of the above. -none of the above

-all of the above.

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? -an infant -a healthy young male -an older obese person -a healthy young female

-an infant

Normal arterial blood pH is: -strongly alkaline. -between 7.35 and 7.45. -neutral. -highly acidic. -6.45.

-between 7.35 and 7.45.

Which of the following is usually expressed in milliequivalents per liter? -filtration rates -osmotic pressure -hydrostatic pressure -electrolyte concentration of body fluids

-electrolyte concentration of body fluids

Parathyroid hormone: -is released when aldosterone levels climb. -activates osteoblasts. -results in a lowering of calcium levels. -targets the thyroid gland. -enhances release of calcium from bone.

-enhances release of calcium from bone.

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as: -hyponatremia. -hypernatremia. -Cushing's disease. -aldosteronism. -hypokalemia.

-hyponatremia.

All of the following would cause edema except: -incompetent venous valves -hypoproteinemia -hypotension -liver disease

-hypotension

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except: -Angiotensin II -input from baroreceptors -hypotonic extracellular fluid -A decline in blood volume

-hypotonic extracellular fluid

A patient with alkalosis would experience: -increased acid secretion at kidney. -increased sodium retention. -hyperventilation. -hypoventilation. -higher blood pressures.

-hypoventilation.

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors including: -lesser amount of fluid intake and output in infants. -inefficiency of infant kidneys. -decreased surface area relative to body volume. -low rate of insensible water loss from skin. -high residual volume of infant lungs.

-inefficiency of infant kidneys.

Water lost through expired air is referred to as: -insensible water loss. -metabolic water. -water intake. -water of oxidation.

-insensible water loss.

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the ____________. -interstitial space -plasma -intracellular space -special fluid compartments

-interstitial space

Most of the body's water is located in the: -intracellular space. -muscular tissue. -plasma. -interstitial fluid compartment.

-intracellular space.

The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the: -spleen. -kidney. -sweat glands. -lungs. -liver.

-kidney.

Acidosis: -is only caused by abnormal respiratory conditions. -results when blood pH exceeds 7.45 -is compensated for by intestinal secretion of H+. -may reflect metabolic production of acid. -is always corrected by chemical buffer systems.

-may reflect metabolic production of acid.

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of _________ in the body. -minerals such as iron -salt -electrolytes -water

-minerals such as iron

Diuresis peaks _________ after drinking water. -one hour -half an hour -three hours -ten minutes

-one hour

When water is lost from the ECF but electrolytes are retained, -the osmolarity of the ECF falls. -both ECF and ICF become more dilute. -osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF. -water levels remain homeostatic. -there is an increase in the volume in the ICF.

-osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

98% of calcium filtered by the kidney is reabsorbed due to the action of ________. -cortisol -progesterone -aldosterone -parathyroid hormone

-parathyroid hormone

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except: -concentrated urine -production of large amounts of urine -release of ADH -thirst

-production of large amounts of urine

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the: -sulfate buffer system. -bicarbonate buffer system. -protein buffer system. -phosphate buffer system. -chloride buffer system.

-protein buffer system.

Which of the following would cause hypotonic hydration? -quick intake of extraordinary amounts of water -excess salt in the diet -production of large amounts of urine -excess urine loss

-quick intake of extraordinary amounts of water