Ch 26 Ophthalmic Surgery
The number of oblique muscles each eye has:
2 (Superior and inferior)
The number of rectus muscles each eye has:
4 (Superior, inferior, lateral, and medial)
Eye suture sizes:
4-0 to 12-0
The number of muscles that attach the sclera to the bony orbit and move the eyeball around various axes:
6 (allows both eyes to focus on a single point)
Process of focusing:
Accommodation
Recent innovation in strabismus surgery:
Adjustable sutures on the muscles
What lies directly in front of the iris?
Anterior chamber
What two spaces is the anterior cavity divided into?
Anterior chamber and posterior chamber
Performed to remove the vitreous from the anterior chamber:
Anterior vitrectomy
A reassuring environment is particularly important in ophthalmic surgery because:
Anxiety can result in increased hemorrhage and intraocular pressure
The anterior chamber is filled with a liquid called:
Aqueous humor
OU (oculus uterque):
Both eyes
Fluid exits the eye through the ___ and passes into the ___:
Canal of Schlemm; venous system
An inflammatory, benign growth that originates in a sebaceous gland of the eyelid (not infectious, but a granuloma):
Chalazion
Prevent the reflection of light within the eyeball (primary function):
Choroid
An extension of the choroid located at the periphery of the anterior choroid:
Ciliary body
Smooth-muscle tissue to which suspensory ligaments are attached:
Ciliary body
Aqueous humor is produced by the:
Ciliary epithelium
Thin, transparent mucous membrane that lines each eyelid and reflects on the globe and covers the sclera:
Conjunctiva
Clear tissue layer overlying the front of the eyeball:
Cornea
Eye sponge is never to be used on the:
Cornea
Has no blood vessels:
Cornea
Light enters the eye through the ___ and is bent:
Cornea
Light rays are refracted when they pass through the:
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous
Freezing of tissue:
Cryotherapy (scleral buckling) - most common
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Dacryocystitis
The creation of a permanent opening in the tear duct for the drainage of tears:
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Mild heat created by a diathermy unit or laser:
Diathermy (scleral buckling)
During Dacryocystorhinostomy, small bone ronguers are needed to:
Enlarge the opening in the lacrimal bone
An abnormal inversion of the lower eyelid:
Entropian
Complete removal of the eyeball (globe):
Enucleation
The 3 tissue layers that compose the cornea:
Epithelium (superficial layer) Stroma Endothelium
Contents of the eye are removed, but the outer shell of the sclera and the muscle attachments are left intact:
Evisceration
Nodal tissue arising from a sebaceous gland is excised from the tarsal plate:
Excision of Chalazion
The prep area includes:
Eyelid and margins, inner and outer canthus, brows, and face, ending usually at the chin
Composed of fibrous connective tissue covered with skin:
Eyelids
Used extensively in the diagnosis and evaluation of retinal and choroid diseases:
Fluorescein angiography
Location where light converges:
Focal point
Causes of cataracts:
Genetic defect, injury, overexposure to ultraviolet light, metabolic disease (diabetes), and age
Group of diseases characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss:
Glaucoma
The lids protect the eye from:
Injury and light
Enucleation is performed to treat:
Intraocular malignancy, a penetrating ocular wound, a painful blind eye, or an eye that is blind and painless but disfigured
Pigmented membrane composed mainly of muscle tissue that surrounds the pupil:
Iris
The anterior chamber is divided into two chambers by the:
Iris
The anterior chamber lies in front of the:
Iris
The significance of open sky is:
It exposes the posterior chamber to contamination
Full-thickness transplantation of a donor cornea to restore vision:
Keratoplasty
Tears are produced by the:
Lacrimal gland
Two types of corneal transplantation commonly performed:
Lamellar (partial penetrating) keratoplasty Penetrating (full-thickness) keratoplasty
OS (oculus sinister):
Left eye
Lies directly behind the iris in the anterior chamber:
Lens
The posterior chamber lies in front of the ___ and behind the ___:
Lens; iris
Refraction occurs as:
Light enters the front of the eye and passes through the lens
During cataract surgery, the initial incision is made in the:
Limbus
Eye sponges are made of:
Lint-free cellulose
Used in the evaluation of the orbital and intracranial structures:
Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
During Enucleation, a sphere is placed in the orbital cavity. This is done to:
Maintain the shape of the cavity
Performed to correct deviation of the eye caused by strabismus:
Muscle resection and muscle recession
Commonly used injectable local anesthetics include:
Novocaine 1% to 4% Xylocaine 1% to 2%
Phacoemulsification is the preferred method of cataract removal for most patients because:
Only the target tissue is removed
Used to measure the density of eye tissues and detect abnormalities:
Ophthalmic ultrasonography (2 types of ultrasound, A-scan or B-scan)
Direct examination of the eyes is performed using an:
Ophthalmoscope (magnifies the focal point)
The optic nerve enters the posterior orbital cavity through the:
Optic Foramen
The retina receives and transmits images to the brain via the:
Optic nerve
The sclera communicates with the:
Optic nerve sheath
The term that refers to eyelids:
Palpebral
Conjunctiva is divided into:
Palpebral and bulbar regions
Anterior chamber is not entered, and one half to two thirds of the cornea is transplanted:
Partial penetrating (Lamellar) technique
Anterior chamber is entered, and a full-thickness corneal graft is transplanted:
Penetrating (full-thickness) technique
The fragmentation of tissue by ultrasonic vibration:
Phacoemulsification
Refraction is a test for visual acuity, performed using a:
Phoropter
The standard approved eye prep antiseptic is:
Povidone-iodine 5% (Book) Iodophor (Sheri)
A trephine is used in corneal transplant to:
Produce a button of tissue
This is surgically removed to prevent loss of vision:
Pterygium membrane
Fluid passes from the anterior to posterior chamber through the:
Pupil
Bending of light rays through a transparent medium:
Refraction
In most ophthalmic surgeries, the patient receives a:
Regional anesthetic and monitored sedation is used
The phrase "open sky" refers to a condition resulting from:
Removal of the cornea
Innermost layer of the posterior globe:
Retina
Light that is refracted through the cornea allows images to be focuses on the:
Retina
The photoreceptive layer of the eye:
Retina
OD (oculus dexter):
Right eye
Highly vascular pigmented choroid layer lies directly beneath the:
Sclera
Thich, white, fibrous tissue that encloses about three fourths of the eyeball:
Sclera
Performed when the sensory layer of the retina becomes separated from the pigment epithelial layer:
Scleral buckling
Why is a combination stretcher-operating table used?
Shifting the patient immediately after surgery may result in increased IOP and eye injury
A scleral buckle is a:
Silastic sponge and band encircling the sclera
Used to examine the anterior chamber of the eye:
Slit lamp
During strabismus surgery, this instrument is used to elevate and mobilize the muscle:
Stevens muscle hook
Condition in which the eyes are unable to focus on point because the muscles lack coordination:
Strabismus
Zonules are:
Suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in place (attached to the capsule and ciliary body)
The fibrous connective tissue that compose the eyelids are referred to as the:
Tarsal plate
The purpose of the bridal suture is:
To rotate the globe during surgery
Performed to create a channel from which the aqueous humor may drain form the anterior chamber:
Trabeculectomy (treatment of glaucoma)
The posterior cavity lies at the back of the eyeball and contains a gel called:
Vitreous
Retinal detachment occurs when the retina is torn and is extended by:
Vitreous seeping between the pigment layer and neural layer
