CH 28 HW, A&P 28

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Teratogens may cause anatomical abnormalities in an embryo, but they do not cause anatomical abnormalities in a pregnant woman because ______.

organogenesis does not occur in an adult

Which body system of a pregnant woman shows the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

the cardiovascular system

The neonatal period refers to ________.

the first month after birth

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

true

An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion.

true

The chorionic villi of the placenta develop a series of capillaries that are immersed in lacunae of the mother's blood for exchange into the embryo's blood during placentation.

true

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

true

Which of the following takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta?

umbilical vein

Site of early blood cell production, and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).

yok sac

Which of the following incorrectly matches an embryonic structure with its function?

yolk sac: provides nutrients to developing embryo

What destroys the zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors?

zonal inhibiting proteins

The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta.

Decidua basalis

The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

Decidua capsularis

Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.

What does the hormone relaxin promote? -Relaxin promotes enlargement of the breasts. -Relaxin promotes increased pigmentation of the facial skin of the nose and cheeks. -Relaxin imparts a purplish hue to the vagina. -Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.

a gestation period

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days? the conceptus a gestation period an embryo pregnancy

cortical reaction

What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization? capacitation acrosomal reaction gestation cortical reaction

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor? -Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. -Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells. -Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors. -Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on uterine muscle.

alveolar collapse

What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available? alveolar collapse lung overinflation pneumothorax lung hyperinflation

foramen ovale

Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? foramen ovale ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum ductus venosus

hCG

Which hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation? estrogen human placental lactogen hCG progesterone

blastocyst

Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium? morula blastocyst zygote oocyte

dilation stage

Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more? expulsion stage placental stage dilation stage delivery stage

prostaglandins

Which of the following serve(s) as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor? prostaglandins relaxin oxytocin progesterone

amnion

Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that envelops the embryo? amnion chorion placenta yolk sac

conceptus

Which term, by definition, includes all the other terms? conceptus zygote embryo fetus

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days?

a gestation period

Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that completely surrounds the embryo?

amnion

Protective water-filled sac surrounding the embryo.

amnionic sac

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is ________.

associated with microencephaly and intellectual disorders of the fetus

Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium?

blastocyst

Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, the sperm's motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared to release hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes. What is this process called?

capacitation

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

chorion

Leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst.

cleavage

Which of the following is the correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo?

cleavage, morula, blastocyst, gastrula

Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.

colostrum

What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization?

cortical reaction

During a cesarean section, an incision is made through all EXCEPT which of the following?

decidua basalis

Forms the mother's part of the placenta.

decidua basalis

What structures ultimately form the placenta?

decidua basalis and chorionic villi

Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

decidua capsularis

The prefix ----- means skin, covering, or integument.

derm-

Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?

dilation stage

Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

ductus arteriosus-ligamentum teres

At what stage of labor is the baby essentially facing sideways (in reference to the mother)?

early dilation

Neural tissue is formed by the ________.

ectoderm

Which of the following refers to the stage of the conceptus when organogenesis is occurring?

embryo

Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.

epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting ________.

estrogens and progesterone

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

expulsion stage

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

fertilization

Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.

implantation

Becomes the embryonic disc.

inner cell mass

Based on the function of the extraembryonic membranes, which of the problems would likely develop if there were a deficiency in the yolk sac?

lack of blood cells for the early embryo

The prefix ----- means milk or lactose.

lact(i)-

What does the ductus arteriosus become at birth?

ligamentum arteriosum

As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.

lordosis

Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.

mesoderm

A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells.

morula

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.

relax the pubic symphysis

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes

The prefix ----- means hard or dry.

sclero-

A lack of _____ can, without treatment, lead to _____ in premature infants.

surfactant; alveolar collapse

Which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score?

temperature

Which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

the syncytiotrophoblast

Forms the chorion.

trophoblast

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

Which hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation?

hCG

The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.

a nonfunctional zygote

The prefix ---- means embryo.

embry-

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

12-24 hours

Which of the following is NOT a change in female anatomy or physiology during pregnancy?

A tightening of pelvic ligaments to help bear the extra weight of the growing fetus

A couple undergoes a workup for infertility, which shows that the man has a low sperm count. The couple asks why this is a problem because "it only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg." How could you explain their problem?

Although a single sperm fertilizes the egg, many others prepare the egg for its entry.

Leads to enhancement of sperm motilityand increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes.

Capacitation

Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta.

Chorionic villus

Premature infants often need to be placed on a ventilator because their undeveloped lungs produce excess surfactant.

False

Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.

Fertilization

The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida.

Focus your attention on part (2) of Focus Figure 28.1. Which of the following statements about the acrosomal reaction is correct? -The acrosomal reactions of many sperm expose the sperm membrane. -The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida. -The decrease of Ca2+ levels within the sperm triggers the acrosomal reaction. -Binding of sperm to the sperm-binding receptors in the corona radiata causes the Ca2+ levels within the sperm to increase.

They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm.

Focus your attention on parts (3) and (4) of Focus Figure 28.1. Which statement best describes the result of binding and fusion of the sperm's membrane to the oocyte plasma membrane? -They cause an increase in Ca2+ levels within the sperm. -They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm. -They make the sperm's membrane more fragile. -They block multiple sperm from entering the oocyte.

Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers.

Gastrulation

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor?

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?

The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.

Which of these statements regarding the embryo is FALSE?

The embryo's blood supply mixes with that of the mother.

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________. -venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids -cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin -cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels -pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.

The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.

placenta

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? placenta amnion chorion yolk sac

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________.

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs?

foramen ovale

The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ________ stage.

gastrula

Which of the following would be the best method for delaying the onset of labor?

giving the mother antiprostaglandin drugs

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

oxytocin

Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?

oxytocin

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form?

placenta

At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?

placental

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________

placental tissue

A dangerous complication of pregnancy called __________ results in an insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs.

preeclampsia

Gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the ________ appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc.

primitive streak

Which of the following serve(s) as the direct trigger to begin the more vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor?

prostaglandins


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