Ch. 28: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism

Two Women in the Bath Torii Kiyonaga

A Japanese painting that influenced The Tub by Degas.

Which city was the artistic center of the Rococo style?

Paris

The conclusion of the debate in the French Royal Academy between advocates of color and advocates of form resulted in the ascendance of which style?

Rococo

Industrialization of Europe and U.S. ca. 1850 (no picture)

3rd quarter of 19th century - 2nd Industrial Revolution. 1st - textiles, steam, iron 2nd - steel, electricity, chemicals, oil: foundation for plastics, machinery, building construction, and automobiles. Inventions of radio, electric light, telephone, and electric streetcar shortly followed. URBANIZATION - farmers with less land were squeezed from properties. Work opportunities in factories, improved health/living conditions in cities. MARXISM and DARWINISM 19th century empiricists, believed scientific, rational law governed nature. Marx - economic forces based on class struggle induced historical change. Germans living in Paris, Marx and Engles wrote the communist Manifesto in 1848, advocating the creation of a socialist state - working class seized power and destroyed capitalism. Darwin challenged religious beliefs by postulating a competitive system where only fittest survive - contributed to growing secularism.

Which Romantic artist was a leader in transcendental landscapes, a new painting genre of the 19th century?

Caspar David Friedrich

Which Neoclassical artist of the first part of the 19th century looked firmly to the arts of Greek antiquity for his subjects and compositions?

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Which artist illustrated the views of Rousseau by painting quiet scenes of domestic life that honored the simple goodness of ordinary people?

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

The metal relief etching entitled Ancient of Days is the work of which leading Romantic artist?

William Blake

Which artist can be said to have translated English literary satire into the visual arts?

William Hogarth

Which scholar wrote Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture and established a model for the analysis of stylistic evolution in art?

Winckelmann

Which American Realist artist who studied both painting and medicine believed that careful observation was a prerequisite for his art?

Winslow Homer

Which element in Napoleon Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa has the artist, Antoine-Jean Gros, adapted from Oath of the Horatii by his teacher, Jacques-Louis David?

a. Arcaded backdrop frames the composition

Which structure was built for the great exhibition in Paris in 1889 and was originally seen as a symbol of modern Paris?

a. Eiffel Tower

Which structure best embodies Louis Sullivan's dictum "form follows function," expressing the relationship between the building's interior and its exterior?

a. Guaranty (Prudential) Building

Which of the following is NOT a colorist painting, instead relying on form and line?

a. Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer

Impression: Sunrise Claude Monet

A hostile critic applied the term Impressionism in a derogatory manner because of its sketchy quality and undisguised brushstrokes. But, Monet and his impressionist circle embraced the label for their movement.

The Scream Edward Munch

Although grounded in the real works, The Scream departs significantly from visual reality. This artist used colour, line, and figural distortion to evoke a strong emotional response from the viewer.

Paris: A Rainy Day Gustave Caillebotte

Although this artist did not use Impressionistic broken brushstrokes, the seemingly randomly placed figures and the arbitrary cropping of the vista suggest the transitory nature of modern life. This painting is often argued to be either a Realist painting or an Impressionist painting, but the fact is, the painting retains facets of both styles.

The design of Chiswick House by Boyle and Kent is regarded as a free variation on the work of which architect?

Andrea Palladio

Ugolino and His Children Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux

As in Dante's Inferno, this artist represent Ugolino biting his hands in despair as he and his sons await death by starvation, The twisted forms suggest the self-devouring torment of frustration.

Which of the following is NOT a technique Wright used to focus attention on the scientific instrument being demonstrated in this scene?

Background made hazy and less detailed

Who became the official painter to King George III and was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Arts?

Benjamin West

The Romantic sensibility evident in the energy of Joseph Mallord William Turner's landscapes and seascapes relies on the emotive power of which element of his painting style?

Color

Which is NOT a technique Bernard Neumann used to adapt the Rococo style to ecclesiastical interiors?

Contrasts of dark and brilliant colors in painted decor

At the Moulin Rouge Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec

Degas, Japanese prints, and photography influenced this painting's oblique composition but the glaring lighting, mask-like faces, and dissonant colours are distinctly style facets of this artist.

The vedute paintings of Antonio Canaletto were intended for which class of patron?

English travelers

The rustic setting, soft light, and feathery brushwork of Gainsborough's portrait of Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan are elements of which style?

French Rococo

Greenough sculpted which contemporary statesman in the Neoclassical style by portraying him seminude and enthroned, as Phidias depicted Zeus in the famous lost statue?

George Washington

Which Realist painter relies on a naturalistic style that does not romanticize or idealize the everyday lived realities that his contemporary subjects endured?

Gustave Courbet

The renewed interest in classical antiquity of the 18th century can be credited to the archaeological discoveries at which sites?

Herculaneum and Pompeii

The clearly evident brushstrokes, the attention to light and atmosphere, and the loose handling of form in Impression: Sunrise qualify it as a prime example of which artistic style?

Impressionism

Saint-Lazare Train Station Claude Monet

Impressionists paintings are unintelligible at close range, but the eye fuses the brushstrokes at a distance. The agitated application of paint contribution to the sense of energy in this urban scene.

The Cyclops Odilon Redon

In The Cyclops, the Symbolist painter projected a figment of the imagination as if it were visible, colouring it whimsically with a rich profusion of hues adapted from the Impressionist palette.

Mont Sainte-Victoire Paul Cézanne

In his landscapes, this artist replaced the transitory visual effects of changing atmospheric conditions - the Impressionists' focus - with careful analysis of the lines, planes, and colours of nature.

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin

In search of a place far removed from European materialism, this artist moved to Tahiti, where he used native women and tropical colours to present a pessimistic view of the inevitability of the life cycle.

Villa at the Seaside Berthe Morisot

In this informal view of a woman and child enjoying their leisure time at a fashionable seashore resort, this artist used swift, sketchy strokes of light colours to convey a feeling of airiness.

Starry Night Vincent Van Gogh

In this late work, Van Gogh painted the vast night sky filled with whirling and exploding stars, the earth huddled beneath it. The painting is an almost abstract pattern of expressive line, shape and colour.

The Kiss Gustav Klimt

In this opulent Viennese fin-de-siècle painting, Klimt revealed only a small segment of each lover's body. The rest of his painting dissolves into shimmering, extravagant flat patterning.

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère Edouard Manet

In this painting set in a Parisian café, this artist called attention to the canvas surface by creating spatial inconsistencies, such as the relationship between the barmaid and her apparent reflection in a mirror.

Night Cafe Vincent Van Gogh

In this painting, Van Gogh explored ways colours and distorted forms can express emotions. The thickness, shape, and direction of the brushstrokes create a tactile counterpart to the intense colours.

Sleeping Gypsy Henri Rousseau

In this painting, this artist depicted a doll-like but menacing lion sniffing at a recumbent dreaming figure in a mysterious landscape. The painting suggests the vulnerable subconscious during sleep.

Nocturne in Black and Gold James Whistler

In this painting, this artist displayed an Impressionist's interest in conveying the atmospheric effects of fireworks at night, but he also emphasised the abstract arrangement of shapes and colours.

Walking Man Auguste Rodin

In this study for a statue of Saint John the Baptist, this artist depicted a headless and armless figure in midstride. This piece demonstrates this artists mastery of anatomy and ability to capture transitory motion.

What event transformed the economies of continental Europe and North America in the 18th century?

Industrial Revolution

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, including Millais and Rossetti, rejected Realism and based their artistic philosophy on the writings of which individual?

John Ruskin

The painting A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery was done by which artist?

Joseph Wright of Derby

Napoleon's embrace of Neoclassicism as a means of linking his own reign to the ancient Roman Empire is embodied in which monument?

La Madeleine

Which artist painted Summer's Day, a depiction of two well-dressed women in a boat, using the open brushwork and the plein air lighting characteristic of Impressionism?

Morisot

Which photographer became known for creating portraits of artists such as Delacroix, Daumier, and Courbet?

Nadar

The 19th-century revival of historical architectural styles led Barry and Pugin to rebuild the Houses of Parliament in London in what style?

Neo-Gothic

Jacques-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii can be said to be a paragon of which style?

Neoclassical

Eiffel Tower Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

New materials and technologies and the modernist aesthetic fuelled radically new architectural designs in the late 19th century. Eiffel jolted the world with the exposed iron skeleton of his tower.

The colonnade of the Roman temple of Jupiter at Baalbek in Lebanon provided the inspiration for what building?

Pantheon

Which style of art had its roots in Impressionist precepts and methods, though it was not stylistically homogeneous?

Post-Impressionism

In constructing the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851, what cost-effective innovation did Joseph Paxton employ?

Prefabricated elements

Marshall Field Wholesale Store Henry Hobson Richardson

Richardson was a pioneer in designing commercial structures using a cast iron skeleton encased in fire-resistant masonry. This construction technique enabled the insertion of large windows in the walls.

Which Romantic-style building is a conglomeration of Islamic domes, minarets, and screens that has been called "Indian Gothic"?

Royal Pavilion, Brighton

Guaranty Building Louis Henry Sullivan

Sullivan drew on the latest technologies to create this light-filled, well-ventilated Buffalo office building. He added ornate surface embellishments to impart a sense of refinement and taste.

Carson Louis Henry Sullivan

Sullivan's slogan was "form follows function." He tailored the design of this steel, glass, and stone Chicago department store to meet the needs of its employees and customers.

Which movement included artists who express their individual spirit, rejecting the optical world of daily life in favor of fantasy and imagination, as seen in this work by Gustave Moreau?

Symbolism

Which style of art best describes James Ensor's large-scale, multi-figure canvas Christ's Entry into Brussels in 1889?

Symbolism

Staircase in the Van Eetvelde House Victor Horta

The Art Nouveau movement was an attempt to create art and architecture based on natural forms. Here, every detail conforms to the theme of the twining plant and functions as part of a living whole.

La Place du Théatre Français Camille Pissarro

The Impressionist view of a busy Paris square seen from several stories above street level has much in common with photographs, especially the flattening spacial effect of the high viewpoint.

Ladies' Luncheon Room Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh

The Mackintoshes' Ladies' Luncheon Room in Glasgow features functional and exquisitely designed Arts and Crafts decor, including stained glass windows and pristinely geometric furnishings.

Sacred Grove Pierre Puvis de Chavannes

The Symbolists revered this artist for his rejection of Realism. His statuesque figures in timeless poses inhabit a tranquil landscape, their gestures suggesting a symbolic ritual significance.

The Rehearsal Edgar Degas

The arbitrarily cut-off figures of dancers, the patterns of light splotches, and the blurry images reveal this artist's interest in reproducing fleeting moments, as well as his fascination with photography.

Robert Adam used elements from which Roman wall-painting style to create the decorations of the Etruscan Room at Osterley Park House?

Third and Fourth Styles

Casa Mila Antonio Gaudi

This Spanish Art Nouveau architect conceived this apartment house as if it were a gigantic sculpture to be moulded from clay. Twisting chimneys cap the undulating roof and walls.

Green Dining Room William Morris

This architect was a founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. His room exemplified the group's dedication to creating intricately patterned yet unified and functional environments.

Vision after the Sermon Paul Gauguin

This artist admired Japanese prints, stained glass, and cloisonné enamels. Their influences are evident in this painting of Breton women, in which firm outlines enclose large areas of unmodulated colour.

Rouen Cathedral: The Portal Claude Monet

This artist painted a series of views of Rouen Cathedral at different times of day and under various climatic conditions. The real subject of this painting is not the building but the sunlight shining on it.

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte Georges Seurat

This artist's colour system - pointillism - involved dividing colours into their component parts and applying those colours to the canvas in tiny dots. The forms become comprehensible only from a distance.

The Bath Mary Cassatt

This artist's compositions owe much to Degas and Japanese prints, but her subjects differ from those of most Impressionist painters, in part because, as a woman, she could not frequent cafés.

The Apparition Gustave Moreau

This artist's painting of Salome, a biblical femme fatale, combines hallucinatory imagery, eroticism, precise drawing, rich colour, and an opulent setting - hallmarks of this artists Symbolist style.

Le Moulin de la Galette Pierre-Auguste Renoir

This artist's painting of this popular Parisian dance hall is dappled by sunlight and shade, artfully blurred into the figures to produce the effect of floating and fleeting light the Impressionists cultivated.

Christ's Entry into Brussels in 1889 James Ensor

This artists gigantic canvas in an indictment of corrupt modern values. Christ enters Brussels on a donkey in 1889, ignored by the dense crowd of soldiers and citizens wearing grotesque, grimacing masks.

Basket of Apples Paul Cézanne

This artists still life's reveal his analytical approach to painting, He captured the solidity of bottles and fruit by juxtaposing colour patches, but the resulting abstract shapes are not optically realistic.

The Tub Edgar Degas

This painting reveals the influence of Japanese prints, especially the sharp angles that artists such as Kiyonaga used in representing figures. This artist translated his Japanese model into the Impressionist mode.

The Gates of Hell Auguste Rodin

This piece was this artists most ambitious work, inspired by Dante's Inferno and Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, presents nearly two hundred tormented sinners in relief below the The Three Shades and the Thinker.

Blessed Art Thou Among Women Gertrude Kasebier

This symbolist injected a sense of the spiritual and the divine into scenes from everyday life. The deliberately soft focus of this photograph invests the scene with an aura of otherwordly peace.

Who was the artist of the immense Romantic painting Raft of the Medusa, which took eight months to create?

Théodore Géricault

Which early photographer used the new medium to produced documentary images of the immediate aftermath of Civil War battles?

Timothy O'Sullivan

John Singer Sargent's family portrait Daughters of Edward Darley Boit shows the influence of his careful study of which painter?

Velázquez

Which philosopher believed that the betterment of humanity lay in the advancement of science and the rational improvement of society?

Voltaire

Which artist studied the photography of others, but also used the camera consistently to make preliminary studies for his own work?

b. Edgar Degas

The color theory of 19th-century chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul had particular influence on which Post-Impressionist artist?

b. Georges Seurat

What illusionistic effect did Eadweard Muybridge's zoopraxiscope rely on to show his sequential images?

b. Persistence of vision

What aspect of The Tub reveals Degas's distinctly modernist exploration of the premises of painting?

b. The flatness and attention to the picture's surface

Which artist explored the capabilities of colors and distorted forms to express his emotions as he confronted nature?

b. Vincent van Gogh

Which style developed out of the Arts and Crafts movement and adapted natural forms to the needs of architecture, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts?

c. Art Nouveau

Members of which movement dedicated themselves to producing functional objects with high aesthetic value for a wide public?

c. Arts and Crafts

Which leading French sculptor of the later 19th century was known for a Realist sensibility and an interest in the effect of light on sculpted surfaces?

c. Auguste Rodin

Which artist was a leading practitioner of the pictorial style in photography who became famous for photographs with Symbolist themes?

c. Gertrude Käsebier

Who was named first consul of the French Republic after leading the French army on several campaigns?

c. Napoleon Bonaparte

In Caillebotte's Paris: A Rainy Day, the setting is a junction of spacious boulevards, a result of what major urban initiative?

c. The redesigning of Paris under Napoleon III

Which structure visually expresses its architect's approach, in which the building is conceived as a whole and molded as a sculptor might shape a figure from clay?

d. Antonio Gaudi's Casa Milá

Which artist produced both paintings and prints whose high emotional charge was a major source of inspiration for the German Expressionists in the early 20th century?

d. Edvard Munch

Which American artist principally painted women and children with a combination of objectivity and genuine sentiment?

d. Mary Cassatt

Which artist, known for his still lifes, bathers, and landscape paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire, declared he wanted to "make of Impressionism something solid and enduring"?

d. Paul Cézanne

The severity for James Stuart's Neoclassical Temple of Theseus in Hagley Park takes its inspiration from the ruins he visited in which modern country?

greece