Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance

For a given trait, if the genotype is AA, the individual is __________.

homozygous dominant

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on organ systems? A. An increase in peripheral blood flow B. A reduction in the sensitivity and activity of the immune system C. A decrease in peristalsis and muscle tone along the digestive tract D. An increase in the impairment of the reproductive system until a state of nonfunction, such as menopause, is reached

A. An increase in peripheral blood flow

The fusion of male and female pronuclei is termed __________.

amphimixis

How do gametes differ from ordinary somatic cells?

Gametes contain only half the normal number of chromosomes.

Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins result from __________.

two oocytes being ovulated in one cycle

Increases in GnRH, FSH, and LH mark the onset of which stage of development?

puberty

The umbilical cord, or umbilical stalk, contains __________.

the allantosis, blood vessels, and yolk stalk

What is the fate of the cluster of cells in the blastocyst known as the inner cell mass?

the cells will develop into the embryo

What prevents more than one sperm from fertilizing the secondary oocyte?

zonal inhibiting proteins

What is the medical specialty that focuses on the postnatal period from infancy through adolescence?

pediatrics

The stretching of the myometrium is associated with a gradual increase in the __________.

rates of spontaneous smooth muscle contractions

The first meiotic division __________.

reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23

Alterations in genetic activity during development result from __________.

the differences in the cytoplasmic compositions of individual cells

The first stage of labor, during which the cervix opens, is called __________.

the dilation stage

Which of the following statements is not related to differentiation? A. Changes in the DNA of the cell B. Changes in the structure of the cell C. Changes in cytoplasmic composition D. Changes in the genetic activity of the cell

A. Changes in the DNA of the cell

Which of the following forms the placenta? A. Chorion B. Allantois C. Amnion D. Yolk sac

A. Chorion

Which of the following is not a reason why maternal blood volume increases during pregnancy? A. Decreased maternal PCO2 B. Increased bloodflow in the placenta C. Rapid fetal metabolic activity D. Decreased maternal blood PO2

A. Decreased maternal PCO2

Which of the following is the term for the events that occur during the first two months of development after fertilization? A. Embryological development B. Fetal development C. Gametogenesis D. Postnatal development

A. Embryological development

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta? A. FSH and LH B. Estrogen and progesterone C. Relaxin and human placental lactogen D. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

A. FSH and LH

Which of the following is the term for the developmental events events that occur between the ninth week and birth? A. Fetal development B. Gastrulation C. Postnatal development D. Embryological development

A. Fetal development

Which of the following events is NOT part of oocyte activation? A. Fusion of the sperm pronucleus and egg pronucleus B. Cortical reaction C. Completion of meiosis D. Increase in oocyte's metabolic rate

A. Fusion of the sperm pronucleus and egg pronucleus

Which of the following enzymes are released from the acrosome of sperm? A. Hyaluronidase and acrosin B. Acrosin and pepsin C. Trypsin and pepsin D. Hyaluronidase and pepsin

A. Hyaluronidase and acrosin

Which of the following enzymes are released from the acrosome of sperm? A. Hyaluronidase and acrosin B. Hyaluronidase and pepsin C. Acrosin and pepsin D. Trypsin and pepsin

A. Hyaluronidase and acrosin

Which of the following is NOT an effect of pregnancy on the mother? A. Maternal blood volume decreases. B. Mammary glands increase in size, and secretory activity begins. C. The mother's nutrient requirements increase. D. The uterus increases in size.

A. Maternal blood volume increases

Which of the following does NOT happen during oocyte activation? A. The first cleavage is completed. B. Enzymes are activated to increase the ovum's metabolic rate. C. Meiosis II is completed. D. Cortical reaction prevents polyspermy.

A. The first cleavage is completed

Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect on the mother's body during pregnancy? A. There is a decrease in folic acid needs. B. There is an increase of roughly 50 percent in the maternal glomerular filtration rate. C. There is an increase in the size and activity of mammary glands. D. There is an increase in tidal volume.

A. There is a decrease in folic acid needs.

Which of the following is NOT one of the germ layers formed during gastrulation? A. Trophoderm B. Mesoderm C. Endoderm D. Ectoderm

A. Trophoderm

During gestation, the primary compensatory adjustments include all of the following except ______________. A. decreasing the respiratory rate and tidal volume B. increasing the requirements for nutrients C. increasing the glomerular filtration rate D. increasing the maternal blood volume

A. decreasing the respiratory rate and tidal volume

Which of the following is NOT a factor that opposes the calming effect of progesterone on uterine smooth muscle (the myometrium) and may lead to the onset of labor? A. Increasing estrogen levels B. Prostaglandin production C. Increasing relaxin levels D. Increasing oxytocin levels

C. increasing relaxin levels

What is the difference between colostrum and breast milk?

Colostrum has more protein and less fat than breast milk.

Which of the following events is NOT part of oocyte activation? A. Increase in oocyte's metabolic rate B. Completion of meiosis C. Cortical reaction D. Fusion of the sperm pronucleus and egg pronucleus

D. Fusion of the sperm pronucleus and egg pronucleus

What are the criteria for a premature delivery?

Delivery from 28 to 36 weeks

What is the term for a gene's position on a chromosome?

Locus

In an ectopic pregnancy, __________.

implantation occurs somewhere other than within the uterus

What is the hormone that causes milk ejection (let-down)?

oxytocin

Why does a pregnant women experience breathing difficulty?

the uterus infringes on the diaphragm

Fertilization usually occurs in the __________.

uterine (fallopian) tubes

What is the term for aging, or growing old?

senescence

As identified by the Human Genome Project, the total number of protein-encoding genes in human DNA is __________.

20,000 to 25,000

The normal chromosome complement of a typical somatic, or body, cell is __________.

46

What is the meaning of the term gestation?

All of prenatal development

What is the extra-embryonic membrane that gives rise to the urinary bladder?

Allantois

Gastrulation produces three germ layers. Which of the following is not one of those layers? A. Endoderm B. Mesoderm C. Blastocoele D. Ectoderm

C. Blastocoele

The term inheritance refers to

The transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation.

What happens in the process of hatching?

The zona pellucida is shed from the blastocyst.

The normal male genotype is __________, and the normal female genotype is __________.

XY;XX

A hollow ball of cells created by cleavage is called a __________.

blastocyst

A sequence of cell divisions that begin after fertilization is called __________.

cleavage

What is the correct sequence of events going from the zygote to the fetus?

cleavage, implantation, placentation, embryogenesis

The first secretion produced by the mammary glands for the baby is __________.

colostrum

The creation of different types of cells during the processes of development is called __________.

differentiation

What event marks the onset of development?

fertilization

The most dangerous period in prenatal or postnatal life is the __________.

first trimester

Germ-layer formation results from the process of __________.

gastrulation

What is the study of inheritance called

genetics

What is the hormone that is produced by the placenta and stimulates the mother's ovaries to continue the production of progesterone?

hCG

Which hormone is tested for in a pregnancy test?

hCG

Given that albinism is a recessive trait, if an albino mother and a normal father with the genotype AA have a child, that child will __________.

have normal coloration

What is the term that describes the existence of two different alleles for one gene?

heterozygous

For a given trait, if the genotype is aa, the individual is __________.

homozygous recessive

Throughout embryonic and fetal development, metabolic wastes generated by the fetus are eliminated by their transfer to the __________

maternal circulation

The chorion develops from the __________.

mesoderm and trophoblast

If an allele is dominant, it will be expressed in the phenotype __________.

regardless of any conflicting instructions carried by the other side

What is the biggest change in the baby's cardiovascular system after birth?

separation of the pulmonary and systemic blood circuits

What is the type of inheritance in which the allele is found on the X chromosome and therefore most often affects males?

sex-linked inheritance

Prostaglandins in the endometrium __________.

stimulate smooth muscle contractions

Exchange between the embryonic and the maternal circulations occurs by diffusion across the syncytial and cellular trophoblast layers via __________.

the chorionic blood vessels

In strict dominance, a dominant allele __________.

will be expressed 100 percent of the time when paired with a recessive allele

The Extra-embryonic membranes that develop from the endoderm and the mesoderm are the __________.

yolk sac and amnion

What is the "moment of conception"?

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei

What triggers the activation of the secondary oocyte?

Fusion of the sperm and secondary oocyte membranes

What is meant by the term dizygotic twins?

Two separate oocytes are ovulated and fertilized.

Embryogenesis is the process that establishes the foundation for __________.

all the major organ systems

The term for what occurs when the blastocyst touches and grows into the endometrium is __________.

implantation

Which systems that are relatively nonfunctional during the fetus' prenatal period must become functional at birth?

the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems