Ch 3.

what happens if Broca's area is damaged?

you may lose the capacity to produce spoken language.

Myelin sheath

an insulating layer of fatty material.

Bryant has a very rare disease in which his neurons transmit signals, but some of his neurons have difficulty receiving the messages. The component of his neurons MOST likely affected by this disease is the:

dendrite.

Masie is learning about the endocrine system. She is trying to understand how hormones work, and she reads that they are secreted into the bloodstream by _____ that are stationed around the body. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

glands

during the resting state what is the charge of the inside of the membrane

-70mV

What tells the dendrites which of the neurotransmitters flooding into the synapse to receive?

1) neurons tend to form pathways in the brain that are characterized by specific types of neurotransmitters; one neurotransmitter might be prevalent in one part of the brain, whereas a different neurotransmitter might be prevalent in a different part of the brain. 2) neurotransmitters and receptor sites act like a lock and key system.

What happens to neurotransmitters left n the synapse after the chemical message is relayed to the postsynaptic neuron?

1) reuptrake occurs when neurotransmitters are absorbed by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron's axon or by neighboring glial cells. 2) neurotransmitters can be destoryed by enzymes in the synapse in a process calles enzyme deactivation. 3) diffusion occurs when neurotransmitters drift out of the synapse and can no longer reach receptors.

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs.

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behaviour.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter that is praticulary involved in states of vigilance or heightened awareneness of dangers in the environment.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.

tectum

A part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands.

DNA methylation

Adding a methyl group to DNA.

Histone modification

Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA.

Nervous system

An interacting network of neurons that convey

Stephanie had a stroke and now cannot say anything, even though she can understand things spoken to her. Based on her deficit, Stephanie's _____ was MOST likely damaged during the stroke.

Broca's area

A person who has damage to _____ area would likely show problems in forming a comprehensible sentence.

Brocas

Epigenetic marks

Chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on of off.

neurotransmitters

Chemical that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites.

Endorphins

Chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centres of the brain

Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)

Develop from two separate fertilized eggs and share 50% of their genes, the same as any two siblings born separately.

What are the differences and similarities between DNA methylation and histone modification?

Difference: DNA methylation switches genes off, histone modification can either switch genes on or off. Similarity: Just like DNA methylation, histone modifications influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Two eggs have been fertilized by two sperm at roughly the same time. _____ twins will result. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Dizygotic (DZ)

Antagonists

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter.

agonists

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

Who MOST likely suffered a lower spinal cord injury?

Haley, who can move her arms but whose legs are paralyzed

Heritability is a population concept

It tells us nothing about an individuals. Heritability provides guidance for understanding differences across individuals in a population rather than abilities within an individual.

Heritability is not fate

It tells us nothing about the degree to which interventions can change a behavioural trait.

Heritability is an abstract concept

It tells us nothing about the specific genes that contribute to a trait.

Heritability is dependent on the environment

Just as behaviour occurs within certain contexts, so do genetic influences.

Juanita's physician thinks she may have a brain tumor. Based on knowledge about image resolution, the method of structural imaging known as a(n) _____ would be the BEST for diagnosing a brain tumor.

MRI scan

Alice thinks she is having a stroke. The BEST method to use to diagnose a stroke would be a(n):

MRI scan.

The most genetically related people are _______________?

Monozygotic twins (identical twins)

_____ brain imaging provides information about the basic composition of the brain, whereas _____ brain imaging provides information about activity going on in the brain. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Structural; functional

Which structure is in the midbrain rather than the hindbrain? PONS MEDULLA CEREBELLUM TECTUM

TECTUM

using eeg what can researches determine? what can they determine medically?

The amount of brain activity during different experiences and states of consciousness. Medically, EEG's can reveal abnormal patterns of activity associated with brain injuries and disorders.

glutamate

The major excitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

gene

The major unit of hereditary transmission. segments on the strand of DNA.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles.

central nervous system (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

degree of relatedness

The probability of sharing genes.

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expresses, or the degree to which they are expresses, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves.

Gary had a stroke and now cannot comprehend speech. Gary MOST likely suffered damage to:

Wernicke's area.

What happens if Wernicke's area is damaged?

You may have an impairment in language comprehension.

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

a device used to record electrical activity in the brain

cerebellum

a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Heritability

a measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

endocrine system

a network of glands that produces and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages known as hormones, which influence a wide variety of basic function, including metabolism, growth, and sexual development.

Reflex arc

a neural pathway that controls reflex actions

amygdala

a part of the limbic system, located at the tip of each horn of the hippocampus, that plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional experiences.

tegmentum

a part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal.

temporal lobe

a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

occipital lobe

a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.

parietal lobe

a region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Somatic nervous system

a set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal state.

Sympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening.

basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements.

hippocampus

a structure critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex.

hypothalamus

a subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour.

corpus callasum

a thick band of nerve fibres that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres.

Bipolar cells

a type of sensory neuron found in the retinas of the eye, have a single axon and a single dendrite.

The myelinated sheath of an axon:

allows for faster transmission of signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles.

action potential

an electric signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse

Medulla

an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration.

Purkinje cells

are a type of interneuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and the spinal cord.

Association areas

area in the cerebral cortex composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex.

subcortical structures

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very centre of the brain.

chimeric face

assembled from half-face components of the full faces

saltatory conduction

because the myelin prevents electric current from leaking out of the axon, the current seems to "jump" quickly from node to node where it slows down. This helps speed the flow of information down the axon.

Lighting a match can be compared with an action potential because both events:

can be described as all-or-none events.

motor neurons

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.

Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis

cause the myelin sheath to deteriorate, slowing communication from one neuron to another.

Neurons

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

A basketball star's ability to dribble the ball down the court, jump up towards the basket, and dunk the basketball can MOST likely be credited to an area of the hindbrain called the:

cerebellum.

Frances and Devin are trying to have a baby and are hoping for a girl. They are wondering if there is anything they can do to increase the chances of having a girl. According to the text:

chromosomes inherited by the child are randomly determined, so they cannot control the sex of the child.

Robert was a professional hockey player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Robert has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Robert is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Interneurons

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

Ramon is staring absentmindedly out the window of the city bus as he travels to a friend's house. His mind is wandering, and he is daydreaming. The _____ network in Ramon's brain is MOST likely active at the moment.

default

Damage to Broca's area causes:

deficits in speech production.

autoreceptors

detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into a synapse and may stop the release of more.

The sympathetic nervous system _____ pupils and _____ digestion. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

dilates; inhibits

conduction + transmission

electrochemical action of neurons.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with electrical activity in the right frontal lobe. This finding MOST likely reflects the use of a technique called:

electroencephalography (EEG).

Dan is running a marathon, and after 15 miles he does not think he can run anymore. Just as he is about to give up, the pain suddenly subsides and he feels much better and motivated to run the rest of the race. Dan is MOST likely feeling the effects of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

endorphins.

Juan cut his finger on a piece of glass. After a short time, he felt no pain in his finger. Juan's pain was likely reduced by a natural pain reliever in his brain. This natural pain reliever is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

endorphins.

A person who incurs damage to the amygdala is MOST likely to be impaired related to:

feeling frightened in a dark alley.

Pyramidal cells

found in the cerebral cortex, have a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite among many smaller dendrites.

Dizygotic (DZ) twins began life as two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm at roughly the same time. This type of twin is also referred to as _____ twins.

fraternal

smooth surface of the cortex (the raised part)

gyri

Missy became a quadriplegic after a spinal cord injury she suffered in a car accident. Based on the extent of her lost abilities, it is MOST likely that the injury occurred _____ her spinal cord. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

higher on

Tyler has been diagnosed with a disease that involves deterioration of the myelin sheath. As the disease progresses, he begins to have trouble with his coordination. This is MOST likely caused by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

his neurons communicating slowly and inefficiently.

nucleus

houses chromosomes that contain your DNA or genetic blueprint of who you are.

if they did not deactivate, there would be no end to the messages being delivered.

if they did not deactivate, there would be no end to the messages being delivered.

terminal buttons

knoblike structures that branch out from an axon

Heritability of 1

means that genes are the only reason for the individual differences.

Heritability of 0

means that genes do not contribute to individual differences in the behavior trait

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) works by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along white matter pathways so that information about the direction in which water molecules diffuse can be used to determine where a white matter pathway goes.

Heidi is a competitive swimmer, and it is important for her vital functions to be well coordinated. The structure in the hindbrain called the _____ keeps these synchronized to help her function as a successful swimmer. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

medulla

People who suffer from diseases that cause deterioration of the _____ have neurons that communicate less efficiently.

myelin sheath

Anna is a very intelligent individual and claims that she inherited her intelligence from her mother. Anna's opinion is consistent with the view of behaviour that emphasizes _____, which argues for genetic influence on traits and behaviour. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

nature

Based on the textbook's discussion of the nature-nurture controversy, which phrase is MOST accurate? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

nature and nurture

mirror neurons

neurons that are active when an animal performs a behaviour (ie. reaching for or manipulating an object), as well as when another animal observes that animal performing the same behaviour.

Runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton is an analogy representing how the neural signal jumps between the _____, or the breaks in the myelin sheath.

nodes pf ranier

Samantha gets nervous whenever she experiences any sort of academic deadlines before and during exams. This anxiety is likely caused by excessive activity of the neurotransmitter: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

norepinephrine.

Paul is a very anxious individual. He believes his anxiety comes from the stressful family environment he experienced as a child. Paul's thoughts are consistent with the view of behaviour that emphasizes _____. This view suggests it is the environment that shapes people's behaviour. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

nurture

Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

parasympathetic

Which effect would someone with damage to the occipital lobe be MOST likely to display?

partial or complete blindness

Receptors

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal.

Bella's leg was amputated because of diabetes. It has been months since the amputation, and she still sometimes feels as though she has an itch on her missing limb. The phenomenon Bella is experiencing is called _____ syndrome.

phantom limb

Last night, Rylee was reading about the organization of the endocrine system. She realized that the _____ is really like the chief executive officer of a large company because it dictates the release of hormones by the other glands.

pituitary gland

Which factor provides an explanation for phantom limb syndrome?

plasticity

The brain is remarkably adaptive, and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. This phenomenon is called:

plasticity.

If a neuron were compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prison guards when the neuron is at the resting potential.

potassium ions

An area of the brain called Broca's area shows activation when a person:

produces speech.

Functional brain imaging

provides information about the activity of the brain while people perform various kinds of cognitive or motor tasks.

Structural brain imaging

provides information about the basic structure of the brain and allows clinicians or researchers to see abnormalities in brain structure.

Sensory neurons

receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in:

regulation of attention, learning, and memory.

The area of the hindbrain called the pons:

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.

In the last month, Tommy has had trouble sleeping and has stopped getting excited about things. Five weeks prior, he was in a motor vehicle crash. Based on his behaviour, it is MOST likely that he suffered damage to his:

reticular formation.

contralateral control

right hemisphere preceives stimui from and controls movements on the left side of the brain and vice versa.

To process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord.

sensory neurons

what type of neurons is a reflex arc composed of?

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. But some simple reflex arcs are comprised of only sensory and motor neurons.

Janelle holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ allow her to move her hand away from the fire.

sensory neurons; motor neurons

spinal reflexes

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions.

The _____ nervous system incorporates a set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system.

somatic

enzyme deactivation

specific enzymes break down specific neurotransmitters

Chromosomes

strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration

thalamus

subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

indentations of fissures in the brain

sulci

Glial Cells

support cells found in the nervous system.

Axon

the part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

The ends of axons that release neurotransmitters are called:

terminal buttons.

pituitary gland

the "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.

hindbrain

the area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord.

Cell body (soma)

the part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

resting potential

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane.

Which major area of the brain controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

the forebrain

Dendrite

the part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Synapse

the junction nor region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another.

transmission

the movement of a signal from one neuron to another as a result of chemical signalling across the synapse.

conduction

the movement of an electric signal within neurons, from the dendrites to the cell body, then throughout the axon.

cerebral cortex

the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres.

frontal lobe

the region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement.

synaptic transmission

the sending and receiving of chemical neurotransmitters.

refractory period

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

what is the role of epigenetic writers?

to add methyl groups to DNA.

Jacob is studying the prefrontal cortex and wants to determine if there is a causal relationship between damage to this area and personality change. Brain scanning methods only allow him to establish correlational relationships. However, a method called _____ will allow him to turn off areas of the prefrontal cortex, mimicking damage to this area.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a dog on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a tree on the right side of a computer screen. When asked to say what object he saw, he will report _____ and, when asked to use his right hand to draw the object he saw, he will draw a picture of a _____.

tree; tree