Ch. 3 - Anatomy/Kinesiology

There are ____ bones in the body, _____ of which engage in voluntary movement.

*206 *177

Five factors account for joint stability:

*Ligaments check normal movement and resist excessive movement *Muscles and tendons that span a joint also enhance stability, particularly when the bony structure alone contributes little stability *Fascia contributes to joint stability *Atmospheric pressure creates greater force outside the joint than internal pressure exerts within the joint cavity. *The bony structure of a joint is an important contributor to joint stability.

Classification of skeletal muscles

*Skeletal muscles can be classified according to their muscle fiber architecture. *Muscles typically have either a parallel arrangement or a pennate arrangement.

The shoulder complex

*The shoulder complex is a multijoint structure that provides the link between the thoracic cage and upper extremity. The shoulder has a high degree of mobility; as a result, the shoulder region is very unstable.

Planes of motion and axes of rotation

*Three basic imaginary planes that pass through the body: - the sagittal plane: divides the body or structure into the right and left sides - the frontal plane (coronal plane): divides the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions - the transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Three primary anatomical structures of the musculoskeletal system that are of interest to the PT are:

*bones *joints *muscles

Skeletal system consists of :

*cartilage *periosteum *bone tissue

There are two types of bones:

*compact (dense) *cancellous (spongy) *main difference between the two is the architecture and amount of matter and space they contain.

Structure of shoulder: ligaments and bursae

*coracohumeral ligament *glenohumeral ligament *acromioclavicular ligament *sternoclavicular ligament *costoclavicular ligament *subacromial ligament

Line of gravity

*imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing. *helps define proper body alignment and posture, using various superficial landmarks from the head, upper extremity trunk, and lower extremity regions as guides.

5 distinct features of a synovial joint:

*it is enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule *the joint capsule encloses the joint cavity *the joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane *synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity *the articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction.

Joint movement

*often described by its spatial movement pattern in relation to the body, typically in terms of anatomical position.

Synovial membrane

*produces synovial fluid, which provides constant lubrication during movement to minimize the wearing effects of friction on the cartilaginous covering of the articulating bones. *ligaments sometimes reinforce synovial joints

Major joints

*scapulothoracic : not a true joint *glenohumeral : synovial - ball and socket *elbow : synovial - hinge *proximal radioulnar : synovial - pivot *wrist : synovial - ellipsodial *metacarpophalangeal : synovial - ellipsodial *proximal and distal interphalangeal : synovial - hinge *intervertebral : cartilaginous *hip : synovial - ball and socket *knee : synovial - bicondylar *ankle : talocrural : synovial - hinge *ankle : subtalar : synovial - gliding

Three types of muscular tissue:

*skeletal *cardiac *smooth

Joints are the articulations between bones, and along with bones and ligaments, they constitute the articular system. Joints are classified as _____ , _______ ,or ______.

*synarthrodial *amphiarthrodial *diarthrodial

shoulder muscles : anterior

*the anterior muscles of the shoulder joint are the pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii. *the posterior muscles of the shoulder joint are the infraspinatus and teres minor. *the superior muscles are the deltoid and supraspinatus *the inferior muscles include the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and long head of the triceps brachii.

Structure of shoulder: bones

*the bones included in the shoulder region include humerus, scapula and clavicle.

Synovial joints

*the most common type of joing in the human body, and contains a fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane that encloses the joint cavity.

Muscles (Shoulder region)

*the numerous muscles of the shoulder region are typically characterized as either shoulder joint muscles or shoulder girdle muscles. *shoulder joint and girdle muscles work together to contribute to upper extremity movements.

Structure of shoulder : joints

*the shoulder region is a complex of four joints: the glenohumeral (shoulder), acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints.

What is kinesiology

*the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement.

Anatomical Position

*the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body potions (eg, joint motions). *in this position teh body is erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended,

Center of gravity

*theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act. it changes with movement & depends on body position.

There are more than ____ skeletal muscles in the human body, approximately ____ of which are primary movement muscles with which PT's should be familiar.

600 and 100

Skeletal muscle is responsible for

moving the skeletal system and stabilizing the body (eg, maintaining posture).