Ch 3 psychology

What is partial reinforcement?

1 In partial (or intermittent) reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction.

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite dessert in the oven, but no when you smell the garbage. What is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

What sleep disorder has symptoms of kicking and punching while asleep?

Symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder

What happens to our respiration and heartbeat during stage 1 sleep?

They slow down

What type of learning is not observable in behavior when it occurs?

This is known as latent learning: learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it. Latent learning also occurs in humans

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

What is the definition of model?

a process that occurs during Social Learning. Modelling can occur when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behaviour (acting as a model) that may then be imitated.

What is an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule?

a reward given to an animal every time they display a desired behavior. An example of partial reinforcement would be a child who is rewarded if they are able to keep their room clean for a period time and receives a reward.

What are night terrors?

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

What is an example of variable ratio?

slot machines, the number of times toy have to pull the lever before winning changes,gambling

What is dissociative theory?

the assumption that no one is born with an integrated personality. Instead, infants operate based off of a loose collection of different ego states that handle their different needs- feeding, attachment to a caregiver, exploring the world around them

What is tolerance?

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

What is latent content?

the symbolic meaning of a dream that lies behind the literal content of the dream.

What is the evolutionary theory?

theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations - that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection in human evolution.

What is the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis?

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

What is an example of observational learning?

think about how a child may watch adults waving at one another and then imitates these actions later on.

What are you likely to experience during stage 2 sleep?

, the body enters a more subdued state including a drop in temperature, relaxed muscles, and slowed breathing and heart rate

What are two forms of associative learning?

classical conditioning and operant conditions

What are two examples of instincts?

A dog is shaking after it gets wet. A sea turtle is seeking out the ocean after it hatches.

What is the definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

Is acquisition and extinction thought of being the same or opposite?

Acquisition: The CS and the US are repeatedly paired together and behavior increases. Extinction: The CS is repeatedly presented alone, and the behavior slowly decreases

Is sleep deprived associate with obesity or has it been found to lead to ADHD?

Associates with obesity

What is consciousness?

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What is a regular feeling of hunger an example of?

Biological rythm

Are most people awake during the day or night in the circadian cycle?

Day

What is an example of cognitive map?

For example, when a friend asks you for directions to your house, you are able to create an image in your mind of the roads, places to turn, landmarks, etc., along the way to your house from your friend's starting point. This representation is the cognitive map.

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Getting up from the bed to avoid the noisy alarm.

Is B.F. Skinner famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning or because he placed hungry rats in a maze?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

What is classical conditioning according to Rescorla?

If existing associative strength is low, then potential change is high; If existing associative strength is high, then very little change occurs. The speed and asymptotic level of learning is determined by the strength of the CS and UCS.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

Learned

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

What is Rosalind Cartwright known as?

One of the first women to establish a career in psychology, sleep research and later sleep medicine, explains the role dreams play in regulating emotions and memory and why our minds are continuously active.

What qualities does primary reinforcers have?

Primary reinforcers are reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. Pleasure is also a primary reinforcer.

What is the definition of shaping?

Shaping is used to develop a target behavior that a person does not currently exhibit. Shaping is defined as the differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior until the person exhibits the target behavior.

What are three examples of parasomnias?

Sleepwalking,REM,nightmares or night terrors

What is narcolepsy associated with?

cataplexy

What occurs when an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep?

causes the airways to collapse or become blocked while you're asleep. It can cause you to stop breathing for 20 to 30 seconds at a time, numerous times throughout the night.

What are the symptoms of jet lag?

fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, insomnia

What is an example of extinction?

in pavlov's experiment, he stopped giving the dog food at the sound of a bell. as he did this, the dog gradually stopped salivating at the sound of the bell when he was not given food.

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

What happens during REM?

your eyes move rapidly behind your closed eyes, your heart rate speeds up, and your breathing becomes irregular.your brain is highly active during REM sleep, and your brain waves become more variable.