Ch. 33 Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

What is the function of T-helper (TH) cells?

To interact will B cells to produce antibody

Allergies are an example of a ______________ hypersensitivity reaction.

Type I

Formation of immune complexes and inflammatory responses occurs in which of the following hypersensitivity responses?

Type III

Tuberculin hypersensitivity and contact dermatitis are examples of a

Type IV hypersensitivity

T-dependent Antigen Triggering

B cell activation by binding of epitope to B cell with the help of T helper cells. T helper cell directly associates with the B cell displaying the same antigen-MHC complex that was presented to it on a dendritic cell

Which of the following cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules functions as a T-cell antigen receptor? A) CD1 B) CD3 C) CD8 D) CD34

B) CD3

Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of an antibody? A) Cross-linked polysaccharides B) Glycoproteins C) Lipids D) All of the above

B) Glycoproteins

Erythrobastosis fetalis results in which of the following scenarios?

An Rh- mother's antibodies respond to a Rh+ fetus in her second pregnancy

The ability of an antibody to bind antigen at all antigen-binding sites is known as

Antibody avidity

The clearing of antigen-antibody complexes is aided by

Antibody class switching

Self and nonself substances that elicit an immune response are called

Antigens

Which type of immunity is the result of a person developing his or her own immune response to a microbe introduced through vaccination?

Artificially acquired active immunity

Which type of immunity is the result of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person through a medical procedure such as a bone marrow transplant?

Artificially acquired passive immunity

The presence of serum antibodies that react with self antigens is called

Autoimmunity

IgG

1. abundant in blood 2. crosses placenta 3. activates classical complement pathway 4. 4 types 5. monomer

IgM

1. first Ig made during B-cell maturation and primary response 2. binds 5x more antigen 3. last longest in the blood 4. pentamer

IgE

1. high in allergic & parasitic reactions 2. Trigger inflammatory response 3. increase eosinophils 4. monomer

IgD

1. lowest amount in blood 2. bound to B cell surface 3. signals B cell production 4. monomer

IgA

1. primary Ig in MALT 2. found in saliva, tears, and breast milk 3. plays a role in alternative complement pathway 4. Add more during STD 5. dimer

Antibody Diversity

1. rearrangement of antibody gene segments; combinatorial joining 2. generation of different codons during antibody gene splicing 3. somatic mutations

Outcomes of in vivo antigen-antibody binding

1. vaccines

Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

A specific and faster response that recognizes, responds, and remembers microorganisms

Clusters of differentiation (CD) molecules are

A) Cell-surface proteins B) Used to determine the cell's identity C) Receptors

The tremendous diversity in antigens is related to

A) Rearrangement of antibody gene segments B) Generation of different codons during antibody gene splicing C) Somatic mutations

Which of the following is TRUE of the type II hypersensitivity response? A) Results in the damage of host tissues B) Involves an over-activation of immunoglobin E C) Involves the formation of immune complexes D) Often result in systemic anaphylaxis reactions

A) Results in the damage of host tissues

The function of the specific immune system in vertebrates is

A) To recognize anything that is foreign to the body B) To respond to foreign material in the body C) To remember foreign invaders

An individual with AB blood type can receive blood from which of the following donors?

A) Type O donor B) Type A donor C) Type B donor

The cross-linking and aggregation of cells in response to antibody binding is called

Agglutination

The body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against nonself antigens is called

Acquired immune tolerance

T-Independent Antigen Triggering

Activation of B cell without help of T cell. These antigens tend to by polymeric composed of repeating polysaccharide or protein subunits.

Which of the following events can cause a tissue rejection reaction following transplantation? A) T cells recognize and react directly with non-MHC molecules B) Host T-cells recognize graft class II MHC molecules as foreign C) The tissue graft naturally suppresses the host immune response D) All of the above

B) Host T-cells recognize graft class II MHC molecules as foreign

Which of the following is TRUE of the specific immune response? A) Immune cells respond similarly to host cells and foreign cells B) Immune cells recognize and respond specifically to trillions of foreign substances C) The immunity to one pathogen confers immunity to others D) Re-exposure to the same pathogen results in a generalized response

B) Immune cells recognize and respond specifically to trillions of foreign substances

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the secondary antibody response? A) Antibody titers are not detectable for two weeks B) Immunoglobin G concentration increases steeply and rapidly C) A delay in immunoglobin G response occurs D) Immunoglobin M concentration increases steeply and rapidly

B) Immunoglobin G concentration increases steeply and rapidly

Which of the following is TRUE regarding T cells? A) All cells formed will become activated immune cells B) Maturation occurs in the thymus C) Naïve T cells are activated by a specific MHC-antigen D) All of the above

B) Maturation occurs in the thymus

Which of the following is TRUE of clonal selection of lymphocytes? A) The pool of lymphocytes is capable of binding a limited range of epitopes B) Self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated at an early stage of development C) Once a lymphocyte is released into the body, it cannot replicate D) Clonal cells react with a wide range of antigens

B) Self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated at an early stage of development

Which of the following is TRUE regarding immunoglobin binding to pathogenic cells? A) The binding of the antibody usually destroys the antigen B) The antibody must bind the antigen exactly with a lock-and-key fit C) Strong covalent bonding binds antigen and antibody D) All of the above

B) The antibody must bind the antigen exactly with a lock-and-key fit

Which of the following is TRUE of B cells? A) They mature in the thymus and lymph nodes B) They secrete antibodies C) They activate T cells D) All of the above

B) They secrete antibodies

Regions or sites of the antigen that bind a specific antibody or T-cell receptor are called A) Haptens B) Variable regions C) Epitopes D) None of the above

C) Epitopes

Which of the following is TRUE of the type I hypersensitivity reaction? A) Immunoglobin G or M is produced in response to antigen B) Immune complexes are formed C) Immunoglobin E sensitizes mast cells D) Involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions

C) Immunoglobin E sensitizes mast cells

Which of the following is TRUE of T cell activation? A) Only requires interaction between MHC molecule of an antigen presenting cell (APC) with the appropriate T cell receptor B) Only requires the binding of the B7 protein on the antigen presenting cell (APC) with the appropriate T cell receptor C) Requires both 1 and 2 D) None of the above

C) Requires both 1 and 2

Which of the following molecules is classified as a superantigen? A) Penicillin B) Mold spores C) Staphylococcal enterotoxins D) All of the above

C) Staphylococcal enterotoxins

Where do T cells originate?

CD34+ stem cells in the bone marrow

The action of specific kinds of T lymphocytes that directly attack foreign or abnormal cells is called

Cellular immunity

Which portion of the antibody binds with the host cell receptor?

Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

In endogenous antigen processing, foreign antigen is presented to which type of cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

What cells respond to MHC I and CD8 receptors?

Cytotoxic T cells and CD8 host cells

What part of the T cell receptor interacts with MHC I and MHC II receptors?

The variable regions

Activation of B cells occurs by which of the following mechanisms? A) A T cell associates with a B cell displaying an activated antigen-MHC complex B) A T cell secretes growth factors that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that secrete antibodies C) Interaction with antigen triggers antibody secretion in B cells directly D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens by which of the following mechanisms? A) Release of perforin that makes pores inside the target cell membrane B) Release of granzymes that induce apoptosis C) Induces the FAs-FasL pathway that results in apoptosis D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding exogenous antigen processing? A) Involves class II MHC molecules only B) Antigen is taken into host cells via endocytosis or phagocytosis C) Antigen is processed and presented to helper T cells D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE of the type IV hypersensitivity response? A) Immunoglobin G or M is produced in response to antigen B) Immune complexes are formed C) Immunoglobin E sensitizes mast cells D) Involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions

D) Involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Class I MHC molecules? A) They are found only on red blood cells B) They are required for T-cell communication C) They are transmembrane proteins D) They are important to MHC typing for organ transplantation

D) They are important to MHC typing for organ transplantation

Which of the following best describes the shape of an antibody? A) Multi-ring structure B) Long and filamentous C) Circular D) Y-shaped

D) Y-shaped

Penicillin only becomes antigenic when it is complexed with serum proteins; therefore, penicillin is an example of a(n)

Hapten

What type of cells bind to MHC II recptors?

Helper T cells

The action of antibodies on the surface of B cells is called

Humoral immunity

Which immunoglobin is most abundant in mucus secretions?

Immunoglobin A

Which immunoglobins are associated with allergic and hypersensitivity responses?

Immunoglobin E

The major immunoglobin in human serum is

Immunoglobin G

Which immunoglobin exists in a pentameric or hexameric form and acts to agglutinate bacteria?

Immunoglobin M

What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)?

Kills cells expressing foreign specific antigen on class I MHC

Hay fever is an example of

Localized anaphylaxis

Antigen is first detectable during which of the following phases of the antibody response?

Log phase in the primary response

What MHC class do all body cells have?

MHC class I

What MHC class do anitgen-presenting cells recognize?

MHC class II

The collection of genes that code for self vs. nonself recognition in vertebrates is called the

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Which immunological method takes advantage of the tenets of clonal selection?

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production

Which type of immunity is the result of an individual developing his or her own immune response to a microbial infection?

Naturally acquired active immunity

Which type of immunity is the result of receiving preformed immunity made by another person; for example, transfer via breastfeeding?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Which of the following mechanisms prevents pathogenic cells from binding to host cells and tissues?

Neutralization

The coating of microorganisms with antibody in order to prepare them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells is called

Opsonization

Proteins that induce extensive T cell activation when no specific antigen has triggered them are called

Superantigens

What cells are involved in specific immunity?

T cell and B cells

Clonal selection

The process by which an antigen, when bound to the best-fitting B-cell receptor, activates that B cell, resulting in the synthesis of antibody against that antigen and clonal expansion of the B cells; usually requires T cell signals

Superantigens

trick T cells into activation when no specific antigen has triggered them; leads to organ failure and suppression of specific immune responses due to massive release of cytokines from CD4+ T cells

Cluster of differentiation (CD)

used to determine lymphocytes or other immune cell's identity