Ch 35, Ch 36

Which of the following best describes the driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil?

elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

endodermis

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. See Concept 35.2 (Page)

height ... girth

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____.

height ... girth -Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.

The primary growth of a plant adds __________, and secondary growth adds __________.

height, thickness

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?

higher stomatal density

Root apical meristems are found

in all roots.

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

in young branches where leaves are forming

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____. See Concept 35.1 (Page)

increase the surface area for absorption

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____.

increase the surface area for absorption -Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.

Which of the following best describes the growth of most plant structures, except for flowers?

indeterminate

An axillary bud in the stem can potentially form a ________ in a variety of plants based on evolutionary adaptations.

lateral branch, thorn, and flower

Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for ________.

macromolecules

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____.

maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss

Cells where most evaporation of water in the leaf occurs

mesophyll

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

parenchyma

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect osmosis in plants?

receptor proteins in the membrane

Which one of the following refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves?

transpiration -The stomata in the leaves are entry points for the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis, but they are also exit points for the evaporation of water by transpiration.

A plant cell with a ψsψs of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ψsψs of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a

ψp of +0.35 MPa.

44) Which of the following primarily enters a plant somewhere other than through the roots? A) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen C) potassium D) water

A

70) Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for A) macromolecules such as RNA and proteins. B) ribosomes. C) chloroplasts. D) mitochondria. E) cytoskeletal components.

Answer: A

46) Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? A) pericycle B) cortex C) epidermis D) endodermis E) exodermis

Answer: D

9) Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level requires all of the following except A) a proton gradient. B) ATP. C) membrane potential. D) transport proteins E) xylem membranes.

Answer: E

5) What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell? A) decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution B) positive pressure on the surrounding solution C) the loss of solutes from the cell D) increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm

B

47) What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? A) primary xylem B) secondary xylem C) secondary phloem D) vascular cambium

B) secondary xylem

43) Which one of the following ions plays a critical role in the opening and closing of stomata? A) H+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) Ca+2

C

2) The innermost layer of the root cortex is the A) core. B) pericycle. C) endodermis. D) pith.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

68) ________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member D) Cortex; pith E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium

C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member

72) Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? A) epidermis B) palisade mesophyll C) spongy mesophyll D) vascular tissue E) bundle sheath

C) spongy mesophyll

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell elongation

Use the diagram to determine what flower structures develop under the conditions described below. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Sepals develop where only A genes are active. 2. Petals develop where A and B genes are active. 3. Stamens develop where B and C genes are active. 4. Carpels develop where only C genes are active.

Bulk flow is much faster than diffusion or active transport. Peak velocities in the transport of xylem sap can range from ________ for trees with wide vessel elements.

15-45 m/hr

45) A lateral root originates in the ________. A) pericycle B) cortex C) endodermis D) epidermis

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

65) Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except A) mesodermal. B) epidermal. C) meristematic. D) vascular. E) ground tissue.

A) mesodermal

74) The symplast transports all of the following except A) sugars. B) mRNA. C) DNA. D) proteins. E) viruses.

Answer: C

52) If the guard cells and surrounding epidermal cells in a plant are deficient in potassium ions, all of the following would occur except A) photosynthesis would decrease. B) roots would take up less water. C) phloem transport rates would decrease. D) leaf temperatures would decrease. E) stomata would be closed.

Answer: D

31) What is the overall charge on the cytoplasmic side of a plant cell plasma membrane? A) positive B) negative C) neutral

B

52) Heartwood and sapwood consist of ________. A) periderm B) secondary xylem C) secondary phloem D) cork

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

The following questions are based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. 37) Refer to the figure above. A monocot stem is represented by _____. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

B) II only

97) The innermost layer of the root cortex is the A) core. B) pericycle. C) endodermis. D) pith. E) vascular cambium.

C) endodermis

Xylem is indicated by the letter _____.

D

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

Hydrogen

Primary growth increases the length of plant roots and shoots. Rank the following types of cells from least mature to most mature.

Least mature cells Apical meristem cells Primary meristem cells Background Image Differentiated cells Most mature cells

Which one of the following statements is true?

Monocot stems have scattered vascular tissue, whereas eudicot stems have vascular tissue arranged in a ring.

Select the best description of the significance of the meristems of plants.

Plant meristems are permanently embryonic regions within the plant body.

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth?

Primary xylem

Now look at Figure 1 again. Compare the trees grown from seeds collected in Ontario and Florida. When you grow both kinds of trees in Florida, how does their average tooth area compare with each other?

The leaves grown from Florida seeds have more than twice the average tooth area as the leaves grown from Ontario seeds.

To tease apart genotypic versus environmental effects on leaf development, it is useful to compare the plants collected from different locations in "common garden" experiments like these. Look at Figure 2. Compare the trees grown from seeds collected in Ontario and Florida. When you grow both kinds of trees in Rhode Island, how does their number of teeth per leaf area compare with each other?

The leaves grown from Ontario seeds have twice as many teeth as the leaves grown from Florida seeds.

Look at the bar graph of the number of teeth per unit leaf area data Going from northern to southern collection sites, what is the general trend in number of teeth in leaves of Acer rubrum?

The leaves have fewer teeth as you go from north to south.

Look at the bar graph of the average area of single tooth data Going from northern to southern collection sites, what is the general trend in tooth size in leaves of Acer rubrum?

The leaves have larger teeth as you go from north to south.

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true?

The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis.

The scientific method is often presented as a series of linear steps that involves testing a hypothesis in a controlled experiment. How does this research compare with this common description of the scientific method?

The methods used in this paper differ from the standard description of the scientific method because the authors used comparative genetics to elucidate the evolutionary history and underlying mechanisms of genes that produce different leaf shape patterns in related species.

Which of the following statements about secondary growth is true? Select all that apply.

The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer. The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems?

Vascular cambium

_____ provides cells for secondary growth.

Vascular cambium

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport? -Active transport moves xylem sap but not phloem sap. -Transpiration moves phloem sap but not xylem sap. -Xylem sap moves from sugar source to sink, but phloem sap does not. -Phloem carries water and minerals; xylem carries organic molecules. -Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down.

Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down.

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport?

Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. -The direction of movement in xylem is from roots to leaves. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from source to sink.

The Q10 for the change in the viscosity of water is 1.2-1.3. Therefore, could the slight temperature dependence of water uptake by seeds be a reflection of the slight temperature dependence of the viscosity of water?

Yes; both water-related processes have about the same Q10.

Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?

around: peri- of neither gender or type: neutr- skin: cuti to bear, to carry: -fer between: inter- change, turn, move: -trop- egg: oo- (or ov-) across: trans- below: hypo- to produce: -gen-

Which of the following modified roots has a similar function as prop roots?

buttress roots

As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the _____.

cork cambium

As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the __________.

cork cambium

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?

cortex ... ground tissue system

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system? See Concept 35.1 (Page)

cortex ... ground tissue system

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?

cortex, with ground tissue system

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink

depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.

An open beaker of pure water has a water potential (Ψ) of

0.0 (zero).

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem.

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell?

A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential.

Select the correct statement about plant growth.

A plant may produce juvenile and adult leaves at the same time.

15) Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants? A) a difference in solute concentrations B) receptor proteins in the membrane C) aquaporins D) a difference in water potential

B

32) A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? A) a guard cell B) the root epidermis C) the endodermis D) the root cortex

C

37) Most of the water taken up by a plant is ________. A) used as a solvent B) used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis C) lost during transpiration D) used to keep cells turgid

C

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Both secondary phloem and periderm

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Both secondary phloem and periderm -Bark includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, the most recent periderm, and all the older layers of periderm. Read about the cork cambium and the production of peridermand and the layers of bark.

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.

Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem

Would you expect plant growth to have a Q10Q10 closer to 1 or to 3? Why?

Closer to 3, because growth requires energy (ATP) for the anabolic synthesis of macromolecules.

Some understory plants in dense tropical rain forests have very large leaves. Which of the following is the most likely selective advantage of these leaves?

Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity.

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity?

Root cap

Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored?

Sink

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

The pressure potential of the cells would increase.

Select the correct mechanism of stomatal opening and closing.

The radial orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow outward and open the stomatal pore when turgid

The apical meristem is a region of undifferentiated cells located at the tips of all roots and shoots. For instance, division of cells in the apical meristem add cells to the root, and as those cells grow, they increase the length of the root. Predict the result if the apical meristem cells from a shoot were removed and then grafted onto a mature region of a shoot. Drag the phrases on the left to the blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all phrases will be used.

The shoot region in which the apical meristem cells were removed will no longer be capable of growing in length. The mature region in which the apical meristem cells were grafted will form a new shoot.

What evidence supports the authors' claim that the RCO gene evolved from LMI1-type genes through gene duplication?

The similarity in amino acid sequences of the proteins produced from the RCO and LMI1-type genes shows that they are derived from a common ancestral gene.

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?

The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.

How would this change in the solute potential of the soil affect the water potential of the soil and the movement of water in or out of the roots?

The water potential of the soil will be lower, promoting water loss from the root system.

A plant cell is placed in distilled water. There is a net uptake of water by osmosis, causing the cell to become turgid. Select the correct statement about this setup, after the cell is fully turgid. -The pressure potentials (ΨP) of the cell and its surroundings are the same. -Because the cell contains more solutes than the distilled water that surrounds it, the solute potential (ΨS) of the cell is higher than the solute potential of distilled water. -The water potentials (Ψ) of the cell and its surroundings are the same.

The water potentials (Ψ) of the cell and its surroundings are the same.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? See Concept 35.2 (Page)

They continue to divide.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

They continue to divide. -Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.

Why is it important for scientists to understand the genetic basis for variation in leaf shape between related species of plants?

This research advances our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved.

The following diagram depicts a woody stem in its three main growth sections. Sort each growth process to the growth section in which it occurs.

Top section: Primary growth occurs from the apical meristem. Vascular cambium first forms. Middle section: Secondary xylem and phloem form from the vascular cambium. Vascular rays are formed. Cork cells replace the epidermis. Bottom section: Bark consists of all layers exterior to the vascular cambium. Most thickening is from secondary xylem. Periderm is formed by cork and the cork cambium.

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

Transpiration

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.

True

If a plant's stomata are closed and no transpiration is occurring, which of the following predictions is accurate?

Without transpiration, less water will be absorbed from the soil

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

a change in the shape of the leaves produced.

This stained light micrograph shows a cross section through a plant organ from Hakea purpurea, a shrub native to some arid regions of Australia. Identify whether this is a root, stem, or leaf.

a leaf

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. Which of the following is the main function associated with structure Y?

absorption of carbon dioxide

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except: -evaporation of water molecules. -adhesion of water molecules to cellulose. -cohesion between water molecules. -active transport through xylem cells. -transport through tracheids.

active transport through xylem cells.

Phloem sap can flow ________.

both ways between production and storage sites

Which of the following structures cannot be formed by an axillary bud?

branch root

Which of the following cell types have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

The letter A indicates the _____.

cortex

The letter A indicates the _____.

epidermis

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of _____.

evaporative cooling and mineral transport

What is the function of cork?

insulation and waterproofing

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating _____.

large axillary buds Submit

The root pericycle is the site where

lateral roots originate.

Mycorrhizae are _____.

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots?

mycorrhizae

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

mycorrhizae

Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age?

number of apical bud scar rings

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

osmosis

Solute potential in a cell is also called ________.

osmotic potential

The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________.

parenchyma tissue

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

sieve-tube elements

Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored?

sink

Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?

skin: derm plant: -phyte small: micro- mouth, opening: stoma outside, outer: epi- large: mega- inside, inner: endo- single: mono- two: di- cell: -cyte (or cyto-)

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport,

solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink.

Many ornamental roses have sepals and multiple showy petals, but lack reproductive parts. Assuming that rose development follows the ABC hypothesis, which gene is most likely to be suppressed?

the C gene

The following are characteristics of plant cells but not animal cells except

the absence of mitochondria

The following are characteristics of plant cells but not animal cells except

the absence of mitochondria.

Which structure or compartment is separate from the apoplastic route?

the lumen of a sieve tube

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid - vascular tissue

Xerophytes minimize water loss by _____.

using the CAM pathway

When is the polarity of a plant established?

when the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to which of the following?

cell elongation localized in each internode

Cells with a coating that prevents evaporation of water

lower epidermis/upper epidermis

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

secondary xylem

33) Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? A) endodermis B) phloem C) epidermis D) pericycle

D) pericycle

The cohesiveness of water molecules is due to

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from

a reduction in asexual reproduction.

Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

Surface tension, adhesion, and cohesion are properties of water that arise from the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules. What distinguishes surface tension, adhesion, and cohesion from one another is where the hydrogen-bonded molecules are found. The diagram below shows the air-water interface at the top of a narrow tube filled with liquid water. Space-filling models of several water molecules are shown with their O atoms in red and H atoms in white. Notice that each of the pink targets (labeled a-g) lies within a rectangle that surrounds either a pair of water molecules or a water molecule and a molecule in the wall of the tube. Label each target to indicate if the interaction between the molecules inside the rectangle contributes to surface tension (T), adhesion (A), or cohesion (C). Note that one target should be left blank because the molecules inside that rectangle are not involved in any of these interactions.

a) T b) T c) C d) no label e) C f) A g) A

Surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion play different roles in the transport of water from the roots to the leaves in the xylem. One role is to generate the force that ultimately pulls the water up through the xylem. Another role is to transmit that force uniformly throughout the xylem. A third role is to help oppose the force of gravity, which tends to pull water downward in the xylem. Drag a label to each target in the table to indicate the role that surface tension, adhesion, and cohesion play in the transport of water in the xylem. Labels may be used more than once. (Hint: The label "generates pull" belongs in only one target in the table.)

a) generates pull b) not present c) not present d) opposes gravity e) opposes gravity f) transmits pull g) transmits pull h) transmits pull

What class of genes act as developmental control genes to generate the diverse morphologies of plants and animals on Earth?

homeobox genes

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a leaf?

stomata can occur on both sides of a leaf

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because

stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf.

Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast?

endodermis

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs?

endodermis

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

endodermis.

A plant cell placed in a solution with a lower (more negative) water potential will _____.

lose water and plasmolyze

Most of the water taken up by a plant is _____.

lost during transpiration

Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant?

mesophyll cells of the leaf

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is ________.

-0.15 MPa

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is

-0.15 MPa.

Assuming that the NaCl is completely ionized, calculate how much it will lower the solute potential of the soil at 20°C using the solute potential equation: ѰS = -iCRT where i is the ionization constant (2 for NaCl), C is the molar concentration (in mol/L), R is the pressure constant [R = 0.00831 L • MPa/(mol • K)], and T is the temperature in Kelvin (273 + °C). How much will the solute potential of the soil be lowered at 20°C?

-0.243 MPa

The development of specific plant structures in particular locations is called pattern formation. Events in a plant's early development play an important role in establishing the plant's form. Complete the flowchart about pattern formation in plants beginning with the normal division of a plant zygote (fertilized egg). Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the flowchart. Not all labels will be used.

1) plant zygote divides asymmetrically 2) daughter cells of different sizes 3) axial polarity 4) root end and shoot end

Chemical bonds hold together the atoms that make up a molecule. Molecules may also be attached to one another by chemical bonds. The figure shows how hydrogen bonds attach water molecules to other water molecules.

1. A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom joined to each of two hydrogen atoms by a(n) polar covalent bond, a type of bond in which the electrons do not spend equal time with the two atoms involved. 2. Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons in a water molecule spend more time closer to oxygen. 3. The unequal distribution of electrons means that each of the three atoms in a water molecule has a partial charge. This makes water a polar molecule. 4. The oxygen of a water molecule has a partial negative charge. 5. Each hydrogen in a water molecule has a partial positive charge. 6. A weak bond called a(n) hydrogen bond forms as a result of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule.

41) Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant? A) mesophyll cells of the leaf B) xylem vessels in leaves C) xylem vessels in roots D) cells of the root cortex

A

Plants grow in two very different ways. Each type of growth is accomplished by specific types of cells, in specific areas of the plant, and for specific purposes. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Primary growth is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants. 2. Secondary growth is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness. 3. Secondary growth is accomplished by two cylinders of dividing cells called lateral meristems. 4. Primary growth is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called apical meristems. 5. The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the vascular cambium.

Secondary growth, the increase in thickness of roots and shoots, is made possible by division of cells in the lateral meristems. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Secondary growth produced by the cork cambium is unidirectional due to cells being added only to the outside of the cambium layer. 2. Secondary growth produced by the vascular cambium is bidirectional due to cells being added to both sides of the cambium layer. 3. The vascular cambium generates xylem cells to the inside and phloem cells to the outside. 4. The majority of cells added during secondary growth are xylem cells. 5. The tissue that is commonly referred to as "wood" in a woody plant is composed of xylem cells formed from the vascular cambium.

45) The opening of stomata is thought to involve ________. A) an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells B) active transport of water out of the guard cells C) decreased turgor pressure in guard cells D) movement of K+ from the guard cells

A

51) Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot, summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur? A) Size of stomatal openings would decrease. B) Transpiration would increase. C) The leaves would become more turgid. D) The uptake of carbon dioxide would be enhanced.

A

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

1.5

1) Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely ________. A) nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots B) species that did not exhibit alternation of generations C) vascular plants with well-defined root systems D) plants with well-developed leaves

A

14) Which of following ions play the primary role in basic transport processes in plant cells? A) H+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) Ca+2

A

17) If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A) The pressure potential of the cells would increase. B) Water would move out of the cells. C) The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. D) Solutes would move out of the cells.

A

19) The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue C) be in both directions, and the concentration of water would remain equal D) be impossible to determine from the values given here

A

20) In the transmembrane route for transport within plant tissue, ________. A) water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell B) water and solutes move out of one cell, through the plasmodesmata, and into the neighboring cell C) water moves out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell D) solutes move out of one cell, across the plasmodesmata, and into the neighboring cell

A

24) Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will ________. A) have a faster rate of osmosis B) have a lower water potential C) have a higher water potential D) have a faster rate of active transport

A

28) The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue C) be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal D) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue

A

39) During the nighttime, due to lack of transpiration, the water potential within the vascular cylinder ________. A) lowers due to accumulation of minerals B) increases due to accumulation of minerals C) lowers due to loss of minerals D) increases due to loss of minerals

A

55) In xerophytes, ________ are referred to as crypts. A) stomata recessed in cavities B) guard cells C) hairs (trichomes) D) lower epidermal cells

A

58) Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because ________. A) sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic B) water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water C) the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water D) sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport

A

59) Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation in phloem is an active (energy-requiring) process? A) Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. B) Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again. C) Strong pH differences exist between the cytoplasm of the companion cell and the mesophyll cell. D) ATPases are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells

A

61) In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose from companion cells to sieve-tube elements takes place through ________. A) plasmodesmata B) facilitated diffusion C) sucrose-H+ symporters D) sucrose-H+ antiporters

A

65) Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for ________. A) macromolecules B) ribosomes C) chloroplasts D) mitochondria

A

66) The symplastic route can transport ________. A) sugars, mRNA, and mitochondria B) mRNA, mitochondria, and proteins C) mitochondria, mRNA, and viruses D) viruses, sugars, and mRNA

A

7) The leaf area index is the ratio of the ________. A) upper leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows B) lower leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows C) upper leaf surface of a single plant multiplied by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows D) lower leaf surface of a single plant multiplied by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows

A

Ground tissue is indicated by the letter _____.

A

28) Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age? A) number of apical bud scar rings B) number of leaf scars C) number and arrangement of axillary buds D) length of internodes

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.2

32) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide. D) effective lateral growth of the stem

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

40) A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) endodermis C) collenchyma D) sclerenchyma

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

43) The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. The main function associated with structure Y is ________. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

51) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, ________. A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.4

4) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced. B) the initiation of secondary growth. C) the formation of lateral roots. D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

13) Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip B) a functional sieve tube element C) a tracheid D) a stem fiber

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

15) Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? A) sclerenchyma—supporting cells with thick secondary walls B) ground meristem—protective coat of woody stems and roots C) guard cells—waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots D) periderm—parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

26) Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

29) A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers, and then dies would be considered ________. A) annual B) biennial C) perennial D) not very fit

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

46) Of the following plants, which stem has scattered vascular bundles? A) corn B) magnolia C) chrysanthemum D) hibiscus

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

30) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap inward? A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation B) zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division C) zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of differentiation D) zone of cell division, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

47) The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________. A) parenchyma tissue B) collenchyma tissue C) sclerenchyma tissue D) parenchyma and collenchyma tissues

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

53) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium B) apical meristem C) endodermis D) xylem

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

58) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by ________. A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced B) the initiation of secondary growth C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.5

28) Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age? A) Number of apical bud scar rings B) Number of leaf scars C) Number and arrangement of axillary buds D) Length of internodes

A) Number of apical bud scar rings

63) Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells. A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells. C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.

A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.

59) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by _____. A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced B) the initiation of secondary growth C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced

12) Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip B) a functional sieve tube element C) a tracheid D) a stem fiber

A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip

44) The main function associated with structure Y is _____. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

A) absorption of carbon dioxide

29) A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies would be considered _____. A) annual B) biennial C) perennial D) not very fit

A) annual

60) One major advantage of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is its A) fast generation time. B) exceptionally large genome. C) large seeds. D) high tolerance to stress. E) high mutation rate.

A) fast generation time.

32) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide. D) effective lateral growth of the stem

A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem

41) A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) endodermis C) collenchyma D) sclerenchyma

A) parenchyma

76) A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and store photosynthate would be a A) parenchyma cell in a leaf. B) vessel element in the vascular system. C) endodermal cell in a root. D) bark cell. E) fiber cell.

A) parenchyma cell in a leaf.

85) A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following? A) pruning shoot tips B) deep watering of the roots C) fertilizing D) treating the plants with auxins E) feeding the plants nutrients

A) pruning shoot tips

15) Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? A) sclerenchyma — supporting cells with thick secondary walls B) ground meristem — protective coat of woody stems and roots C) guard cells — waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots D) periderm — parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

A) sclerenchyma — supporting cells with thick secondary walls

26) Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers

A) secondary xylem

90) A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s) will develop in this plant? A) sepals B) petals C) stamens D) carpels E) both sepals and petals

A) sepals

10) The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____. A) soil via the xylem B) soil via the phloem C) the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata D) all of the listed responses

A) soil via xylem

49) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, _____. A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

67) Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription? A) tracheids B) mature mesophyll cells C) companion cells D) meristematic cells E) glandular cells

A) tracheids

52) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium B) apical meristem C) endodermis D) xylem

A) vascular cambium

11) Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely A) nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived. B) species that did not exhibit alternation of generations. C) vascular plants with well-defined root systems. D) plants with well-developed leaves. E) species with a well-developed, thick cuticle.

Answer: A

30) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap inward? A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation B) zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division C) zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of differentiation D) zone of cell division, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation

A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

Besides temperature, what other independent variable could you alter to test whether radish seed swelling is essentially a physical process or a chemical process?

Add a metabolic poison to the water to block any active metabolism and see if the results are the same as without the poison.

In addition to transporting sugar, the phloem also _____. a) transmits electrical signals b) transports viral RNA throughout the plant c) transports plant RNA throughout the plant d) transports proteins throughout the plant e) All of the above

All of the above -The phloem and symplasm are dynamic parts of the plant, with many important functions.

16) The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution. B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue. C) be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal. D) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue. E) be impossible to determine from the values given here.

Answer: A

Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment?

Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.

17) Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will A) have a faster rate of osmosis. B) have a lower water potential. C) have a higher water potential. D) have a faster rate of active transport. E) be flaccid.

Answer: A

2) The ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. Which of the following is not an evolutionary adaptation to life on land? A) C₃ photosynthesis B) a waxy cuticle C) root hairs D) xylem and phloem E) guard cells

Answer: A

31) One would expect to find the highest density of aquaporins in which of the following? A) the plasma membrane of guard cells B) the pits of a tracheid C) the plasma membrane of parenchyma cells in a ripe fruit D) the plasma membrane of a mature mesophyll cell in a leaf E) the membrane lining plasmodesmata

Answer: A

32) If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A) The pressure potential of the cells would increase. B) Water would move out of the cells. C) The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. D) Solutes would move out of the cells. E) The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease.

Answer: A

36) Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant? A) mesophyll cells of the leaf B) xylem vessels in leaves C) xylem vessels in roots D) cells of the root cortex E) root hairs

Answer: A

48) All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except A) carbon dioxide. B) nitrogen. C) potassium. D) water. E) calcium.

Answer: A

53) The opening of stomata is thought to involve A) an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. B) a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma. C) active transport of water out of the guard cells. D) decreased turgor pressure in guard cells. E) movement of K+ from the guard cells.

Answer: A

56) All of the following are adaptations that help reduce water loss from a plant except A) transpiration. B) sunken stomata. C) C4 photosynthesis. D) small, thick leaves. E) crassulacean acid metabolism.

Answer: A

57) Which of the following best explains why very few CAM plants are tall? A) They have difficulty moving water and minerals to the top of the plant during the day. B) They would be unable to supply sufficient sucrose for active transport of minerals into the roots during the day or night. C) Transpiration occurs only at night, and this would cause a highly negative Ψ in the roots of a tall plant during the day. D) Since the stomata are closed in the leaves, the Casparian strip is closed in the endodermis of the root. E) With the stomata open at night, the transpiration rate would limit plant height.

Answer: A

59) A primary result for stomatal closure on a hot, dry day would be A) release of K+ ions to the apoplast and subsidiary cells. B) displacement of Ca++ ions from the thick inner walls of the guard cells. C) disassembly of the microfibrils in the cell walls of the subsidiary cells. D) upregulation of aquaporin synthesis. E) downregulation of extension proteins.

Answer: A

67) According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, A) solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink. B) water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed. C) the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits. D) the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration. E) the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf.

Answer: A

73) Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur? A) Stomatal apertures would decrease. B) Transpiration would increase. C) The leaves would become more turgid. D) The uptake of CO2 would be enhanced. E) The proton gradient would dissipate.

Answer: A

75) Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots? A) mycorrhizae B) cavitation C) active uptake by vessel elements D) rhythmic contractions by cortical cells E) pumping through plasmodesmata

Answer: A

8) Active transport involves all of the following except the A) diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. B) pumping of solutes across the membrane. C) hydrolysis of ATP. D) transport of solute against a concentration gradient. E) specific transport protein in the membrane.

Answer: A

81) Compared with a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will A) have a faster rate of osmosis. B) have a lower water potential. C) have a higher water potential. D) have a faster rate of active transport. E) accumulate water by active transport.

Answer: A

The following photo shows a strawberry leaf displaying guttation. Answer the following question regarding guttation. 71) What is the main cause of guttation in plants? A) root pressure B) transpiration C) pressure flow in phloem D) plant injury E) condensation of atmospheric water

Answer: A

20) Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system? A) root hairs B) endodermis C) mycorrhizae D) fungi associated with the roots E) fibrous arrangement of the roots

Answer: B

25) What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells? A) establish ATP gradients B) maintain the H+ gradient C) pressurize xylem transport D) eliminate excess electrons E) assist in active uptake of water molecules

Answer: B

30) One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the A) transpiration rates are high. B) root pressure exceeds transpiration pull. C) preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry. D) water potential in the stele of the root is high. E) roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil.

Answer: B

35) In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative? A) leaf mesophyll cell B) stem xylem C) stem phloem D) root cortex cell E) root epidermis

Answer: B

4) A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency? A) Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. B) Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. C) Active transport of minerals was inhibited. D) The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed. E) Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential.

Answer: B

41) Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of which of the following plant tissue types? A) leaf transfer cells B) stem tracheary elements C) root endodermal cells D) leaf mesophyll cells E) root sieve-tube elements

Answer: B

44) Water rises in plants primarily by cohesion-tension. Which of the following is not true about the cohesion-tension model? A) Water loss (transpiration) is the driving force for water movement. B) The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells. C) Cohesion represents the tendency for water molecules to stick together by hydrogen bonds. D) The physical forces in the capillary-sized xylem cells make it easier to overcome gravity. E) The water potential of the air is more negative than the xylem.

Answer: B

51) Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree? A) cool, dry day B) warm, dry day C) warm, humid day D) cool, humid day E) very hot, dry, windy day

Answer: B

54) Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant? A) subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum B) increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant C) putting the plant in drier soil D) decreasing the relative humidity around the plant E) injecting potassium ions into the guard cells of the plant

Answer: B

6) Which structure or compartment is not part of the plant's apoplast? A) the lumen of a xylem vessel B) the lumen of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) the cell wall of a transfer cell E) the cell wall of a root hair

Answer: B

60) What is the driving force for the movement of solutes in the phloem of plants? A) gravity B) a difference in water potential (Ψ) between the source and the sink C) root pressure D) transpiration of water through the stomata E) adhesion of water to phloem sieve tubes

Answer: B

62) Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? A) Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. B) Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant. C) Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources. D) Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement. E) Sugar transport does not require energy.

Answer: B

63) Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late spring? Phloem transports ________ from the ________ source to the ________ sink. A) amino acids; root; mycorrhizae B) sugars; leaf; apical meristem C) nucleic acids; flower; root D) proteins; root; leaf E) sugars; stem; root

Answer: B

65) Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because A) sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. B) sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. C) water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. D) the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water. E) sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport.

Answer: B

66) Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is false? A) Solute particles can be actively transported into phloem at the source. B) Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap. C) Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed. D) A sink is that part of the plant where a particular solute is consumed or stored. E) A sink may be located anywhere in the plant.

Answer: B

76) Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast? A) the interior of a vessel element B) the interior of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) an extracellular air space E) the cell wall of a root hair

Answer: B

77) Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink A) occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. B) depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps. C) depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. D) depends on pumping water into sieve tubes at the source. E) results mainly from diffusion.

Answer: B

15) If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is A) +0.75 MPa. B) -0.75 MPa. C) -0.15 MPa. D) +0.15 MPa. E) -0.42 MPa.

Answer: C

21) Root hairs are most important to a plant because they A) anchor a plant in the soil. B) store starches. C) increase the surface area for absorption. D) provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. E) contain xylem tissue.

Answer: C

23) All of the following involve active transport across membranes except A) the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast. B) the movement of sugar from mesophyll cells into sieve-tube elements. C) the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next. D) the movement of K+ across guard cell membranes during stomatal opening. E) the movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex.

Answer: C

24) Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect? A) It conducts material from root tips to leaves. B) The conducting cells are part of the apoplast. C) It transports mainly sugars and amino acids. D) It typically has a lower water potential than is found in soil. E) No energy input is required for transport.

Answer: C

27) Which of the following is not an important component of the long-distance transport process in plants? A) the cohesion of water molecules B) a negative water potential C) the root parenchyma D) the active transport of solutes E) bulk flow from source to sink

Answer: C

33) What drives the flow of water through the xylem? A) passive transport by the endodermis B) the number of companion cells in the phloem C) the evaporation of water from the leaves D) active transport by sieve-tube elements E) active transport by tracheid and vessel elements

Answer: C

34) What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? A) active transport of ions into the stele B) atmospheric pressure on roots C) evaporation of water through stoma D) the force of root pressure E) osmosis in the root

Answer: C

38) Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules? A) hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of a water molecule and cellulose in a vessel cell B) covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules C) hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule D) covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule E) low concentrations of charged solutes in the fluid

Answer: C

45) Assume that a particular chemical interferes with the establishment and maintenance of proton gradients across the membranes of plant cells. All of the following processes would be directly affected by this chemical except A) photosynthesis. B) phloem loading. C) xylem transport. D) cellular respiration. E) stomatal opening.

Answer: C

64) Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. A) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

Answer: C

69) Long-distance electrical signaling in the phloem has been shown to elicit a change in all of the following except A) rapid leaf movement. B) gene transcription. C) a switch from C4 to C3 photosynthesis. D) gene transcription. E) phloem unloading.

Answer: C

7) Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants? A) proton pumps in the membrane B) a difference in solute concentrations C) receptor proteins in the membrane D) aquaporins E) a difference in water potential

Answer: C

72) A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of 10 square meters. Where is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing? A) a dry, sandy region B) a large, still pond C) a tropical rain forest D) an oasis within a grassland E) the floor of a deciduous forest

Answer: C

78) Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because A) the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded. B) flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis. C) stomata close, preventing CO₂ from entering the leaf. D) photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency. E) accumulation of CO₂ in the leaf inhibits enzymes.

Answer: C

80) A plant cell with a ΨS of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ΨS of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a A) ΨP of +0.65 MPa. B) Ψ of -0.65 MPa. C) ΨP of +0.35 MPa. D) ΨP of +0.30 MPa. E) Ψ of 0 MPa.

Answer: C

1) All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except A) tracheids and vessels. B) root hairs. C) cuticle. D) the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. E) collenchyma.

Answer: D

10) Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane proton pump? A) hydrolyzes ATP B) produces a proton gradient C) generates a membrane potential D) equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane E) stores potential energy on one side of a membrane

Answer: D

18) Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures cannot be used to support this view? A) cell wall B) cell membrane C) cytosol D) tonoplast E) symplast

Answer: D

19) Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow? A) It is driven primarily by pressure potential. B) It is more effective than diffusion over distances greater than 100 μm. C) It depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink. D) It depends on the force of gravity on a column of water. E) It may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential.

Answer: D

22) A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? A) the Casparian strip B) a guard cell C) the root epidermis D) the endodermis E) the root cortex

Answer: D

26) In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following? A) It aids in the uptake of nutrients. B) It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex. C) It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts. D) It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele. E) It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients.

Answer: D

29) The following factors may sometimes play a role in the movement of sap through xylem. Which one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant? A) capillarity of water within the xylem B) evaporation of water from leaves C) cohesion among water molecules D) concentration of ions in the symplast E) bulk flow of water in the root apoplast

Answer: D

3) Most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy. What allows each leaf to get the maximum exposure to light and reduces shading of lower leaves? A) a leaf area index above 8 B) self-pruning C) one leaf only per node D) leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5°F from the site of previous leaves E) a leaf area index above 8 and leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5°F from the site of previous leaves

Answer: D

39) Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except A) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose. B) cohesion between water molecules. C) evaporation of water molecules. D) active transport through xylem cells. E) transport through tracheids.

Answer: D

68) Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of A) only the xylem. B) only the phloem. C) only the endodermis. D) both the xylem and the endodermis. E) both the xylem and the phloem.

Answer: E

42) Which of the following statements is false concerning the xylem? A) Xylem tracheids and vessels fulfill their vital function only after their death. B) The cell walls of the tracheids are greatly strengthened with cellulose fibrils forming thickened rings or spirals. C) Water molecules are transpired from the cells of the leaves, and replaced by water molecules in the xylem pulled up from the roots due to the cohesion of water molecules. D) Movement of materials is by mass flow; solutes in xylary sap move due to a positive turgor pressure gradient from source to sink. E) In the morning, sap in the xylem begins to move first in the twigs of the upper portion of the tree, and later in the lower trunk.

Answer: D

43) Xylem vessels, found in angiosperms, have a much greater internal diameter than tracheids, the only xylem-conducting cells found in gymnosperms. The tallest living trees, redwoods, are gymnosperms. Which of the following is an advantage of tracheids over vessels for long-distance transport to great heights? A) Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders. B) The smaller the diameter of the xylem, the more likely cavitation will occur. C) Cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height. D) Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders, and cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height. E) Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders, and the smaller the diameter of the xylem, the more likely cavitation will occur.

Answer: D

49) Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because A) chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis. B) CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. C) there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions. D) stomata close, restricting CO₂ entry into the leaf. E) wilted leaves cannot absorb the red and blue wavelengths of light.

Answer: D

55) Guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts and can undergo photosynthesis. This is important because A) chloroplasts sense when light is available so that guard cells will open. B) photosynthesis provides the energy necessary for contractile proteins to flex and open the guard cells. C) guard cells will produce the O₂ necessary to power active transport. D) ATP is required to power proton pumps in the guard cell membranes. E) chloroplasts sense when light is available so that guard cells will open and guard cells will produce the O₂ necessary to power active transport.

Answer: D

61) Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following would not normally function as a sink? A) growing leaf B) growing root C) storage organ in summer D) mature leaf E) shoot tip

Answer: D

82) Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration? A) a rainstorm B) sunken stomata C) a thicker cuticle D) higher stomatal density E) spiny leaves

Answer: D

12) The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by A) negative charges in the cell wall. B) prevailing weather conditions. C) aquaporins. D) level of active transport. E) water potential.

Answer: E

13) An open beaker of pure water has a water potential (Ψ) of A) -0.23 MPa. B) +0.23 MPa. C) +0.07 MPa. D) -0.0000001 MPa. E) 0.0 (zero).

Answer: E

14) All of the following have an effect on water potential (Ψ) in plants except A) physical pressure. B) water-attracting matrices. C) dissolved solutes. D) osmosis. E) DNA structure.

Answer: E

28) Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because A) the sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling. B) the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil. C) sterilization removes essential nutrients from the soil. D) water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present. E) B and D.

Answer: E

37) Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? A) root cortical cells B) root xylem C) trunk xylem D) leaf cell walls E) leaf air spaces

Answer: E

40) Which of the following statements about transport in plants is false? A) Weak bonding between water molecules and the walls of xylem vessels or tracheids helps support the columns of water in the xylem. B) Hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which results in the high cohesion of the water, is essential for the rise of water in tall trees. C) Although some angiosperm plants develop considerable root pressure, this is not sufficient to raise water to the tops of tall trees. D) Most plant physiologists now agree that the pull from the top of the plant resulting from transpiration is sufficient, when combined with the cohesion of water, to explain the rise of water in the xylem in even the tallest trees. E) Gymnosperms can sometimes develop especially high root pressure, which may account for the rise of water in tall pine trees without transpiration pull.

Answer: E

47) Guard cells do which of the following? A) protect the endodermis B) accumulate K+ and close the stomata C) contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells D) guard against mineral loss through the stomata E) help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

Answer: E

5) If you were to prune the shoot tips of a plant, what would be the effect on the plant and the leaf area index? A) bushier plants; lower leaf area index B) tall plants; lower leaf area index C) tall plants; higher leaf area index D) short plants; lower leaf area index E) bushier plants; higher leaf area indexes

Answer: E

50) The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of A) evaporative cooling. B) mineral transport. C) increased turgor. D) increased growth, E) only evaporative cooling and mineral transport.

Answer: E

58) As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry, hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective? A) CAM plants that grow rapidly B) small, thick leaves with stomata on the lower surface C) a thick cuticle on fleshy leaves D) large, fleshy stems with the ability to carry out photosynthesis E) plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a short, thick taproot

Answer: E

79) What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell? A) decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution B) increasing the pressure exerted by the cell wall C) the loss of solutes from the cell D) increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm E) positive pressure on the surrounding solution

Answer: E

Based on the data, what is the relationship between temperature and water uptake by the radish seeds?

As temperature increases, % increase in mass goes up.

Based on the data presented in the paper, evaluate the following statements about these three genes: LMI1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLMI1) LMI1 in Cardamine hirsuta (ChLMI1) RCO in C. hirsuta Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

AtLMI1 and ChLMI1 are orthologous genes. ChLMI1 and RCO are paralogous genes.

10) The apoplast in plant tissues consists of ________. A) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and plasmodesmata B) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and vessel elements C) vessel elements, plasmodesmata, and extracellular spaces D) cell walls, plasma membrane, and cytosol

B

12) The physical property that predicts the direction of water flow is referred as ________. A) potassium pump B) water potential C) osmotic potential D) sodium pump

B

18) Solute potential in a cell is also called ________. A) water potential B) osmotic potential C) potential gradient D) pressure potential

B

2) A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of ten square meters. Where is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing? A) a large, still pond B) a tropical rain forest C) an oasis within a grassland D) the floor of a deciduous forest

B

2) Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast? A) the interior of a vessel element B) the interior of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) an extracellular air space

B

22) How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell? A) A flaccid cell has higher pressure potential. B) A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential. C) A flaccid cell has higher solute potential. D) A flaccid cell has lower solute potential.

B

25) If you place flaccid plant cells in pure water, water ________ into cell because it has ________. A) does not enter the cell; solutes and low water potential B) enter the cell; solutes and low water potential C) enter the cell; solutes and high water potential D) does not enter the cell; solutes and high water potential

B

3) Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink A) occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. B) depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps. C) depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. D) results mainly from diffusion.

B

30) Which of the following contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system? I) root hairs II) endodermis III) mycorrhizae IV) fibrous arrangement of the roots A) II and III B) I, III, and IV C) I, II, and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

B

33) Bulk flow is much faster than diffusion or active transport. Peak velocities in the transport of xylem sap can range from ________ for trees with wide vessel elements. A) 10-20 m/hr B) 15-45 m/hr C) 5-10 m/hr D) >50 m/hr

B

36) One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the ________. A) transpiration rates are high B) root pressure exceeds transpiration pull C) preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry D) roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil

B

40) What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? A) active transport of ions into the stele B) evaporation of water through stoma C) the force of root pressure D) osmosis in the root

B

47) Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree? A) a cool, dry day B) a very hot, dry, windy day C) a warm, humid day D) a cool, humid day

B

5) A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency? A) Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. B) Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. C) Active transport of minerals was inhibited. D) The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed.

B

50) Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant? A) subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum B) increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant C) putting the plant in drier soil D) decreasing the relative humidity around the plant

B

52) What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves? A) increased transpiration rate B) decreased transpiration rate C) increased efficiency of light capture D) decreased efficiency of light capture

B

54) Plants adapted to arid environments are referred to as ________. A) mesophytes B) xerophytes C) psilophytes D) halophytes

B

57) Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

B

61) In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose from companion cells to sieve-tube elements takes place through ________. A) plasmodesmata B) facilitated diffusion C) sucrose-H+ symporters D) sucrose-H+ antiporters

B

9) Which structure or compartment is separate from the apoplastic route? A) the lumen of a xylem vessel B) the lumen of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) the cell wall of a root hair

B

Predict what the cross section of a four-year-old tree trunk would look like if there were drought conditions for the first two years of the tree's life and wet conditions for the most recent two years.

B

5) Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl? A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

7) When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating ________. A) immature flowers B) large axillary buds C) petioles D) storage leaves

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.1

34) As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 3.0 D) 15.0

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

42) The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. The main function associated with structure X is ________. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

50) A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A) herbaceous eudicot B) woody eudicot C) woody monocot D) herbaceous monocot

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.4

14) Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

5) Onion leaves have been modified for the purpose of ________. A) defense (protect from predators) B) storage C) support D) reproduction

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

1) Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? A) root cap B) root hairs C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem D) storage roots

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

12) The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the ________. A) cortex B) stele C) periderm D) pith

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

2) Prop roots are the modified aerial adventitious roots of corn that ________. A) enable the root system to obtain oxygen B) support tall, top-heavy plants C) enable the root system to anchor D) wrap around other plants to support tall, top-heavy plants

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

19) Plant meristematic cells ________. A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

37) The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A monocot stem is represented by ________. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

48) Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree? A) closest to ground level at the base of the tree B) in young branches where leaves are forming C) where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are located D) Nowhere - trees more than a year old have only secondary growth.

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

49) What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? A) primary xylem B) secondary xylem C) secondary phloem D) vascular cambium

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

55) The polarity of a plant is established when ________. A) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo C) the primary root breaks through the seed coat D) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.5

9) Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between ________. A) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption C) water retention and oxygen absorption D) light collection and oxygen absorption

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 35.1

25) In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow? A) laterally in width B) vertically in height C) at a 45-degree angle from the ground D) away from the sun

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 35.2

44) Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human ________. A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline C) removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 35.3

34) As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 3.0 D) 15.0

B) 1.5

82) Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants? A) Only primary growth is localized at meristems. B) Some plants lack secondary growth. C) Only stems have secondary growth. D) Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures. E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

B) Some plants lack secondary growth.

25) In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow? A) laterally in width B) vertically in height C) at a 45-degree angle from the ground D) away from the sun

B) vertically in height

19) Plant meristematic cells _____. A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium

B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

74) Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell A) as a gas. B) as a liquid. C) covalently bound to sugars. D) coupled to ion transport. E) via endocytosis.

B) as a liquid

14) Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements

B) collenchyma cells

78) Axillary buds A) are initiated by the cork cambium. B) have dormant meristematic cells. C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes. D) grow immediately into shoot branches. E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

B) have dormant meristematic cells.

3) When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating _____. A) immature flowers B) large axillary buds C) petioles D) storage leaves

B) large axillary buds

16) Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? A) sporopollenin B) lignin C) chlorophyll a D) cellulose

B) lignin

98) Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls? A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel E) carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen

45) Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____. A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline C) removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

43) The main function associated with structure X is _____. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

B) retention of water

1) Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? A) root cap B) root hairs C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem D) storage roots

B) root hairs

50) Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____. A) periderm B) secondary xylem C) secondary phloem D) cork

B) secondary xylem

11) The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the _____. A) cortex B) stele C) periderm D) pith

B) stele

13) Which of these is NOT an example of a parenchyma cell? A) cells that can form clones in tissue culture of plants B) support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems C) edible cells in fruits and vegetables D) tissue in leaves that photosynthesizes

B) support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems

55) The polarity of a plant is established when _____. A) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo C) the primary root breaks through the seed coat D) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo

92) Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must A) differentiate into procambium. B) undergo dedifferentiation. C) increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei. D) enzymatically digest their primary cell walls. E) establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

B) undergo dedifferentiation.

5) Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between _____. A) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption C) water retention and oxygen absorption D) light collection and oxygen absorption

B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption

48) A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A) herbaceous eudicot B) woody eudicot C) woody monocot D) herbaceous monocot

B) woody eudicot

87) A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A) herbaceous eudicot B) woody eudicot C) woody monocot D) herbaceous monocot E) woody annual

B) woody eudicot

95) Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the A) phloem. B) xylem. C) cork cambium. D) cortex.

B) xylem

69) CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the A) cuticle. B) epidermal trichomes. C) stoma. D) phloem. E) walls of guard cells.

C) stoma

What characterizes the rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day?

Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low.

21) When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because ________. A) they have large central vacuoles, which provide abundant space for storage of incoming water B) they have cell walls, which prevent the entry of water by osmosis C) they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water D) certain gated channel proteins embedded in their plasma membranes open as osmotic pressure decreases, allowing excess water to leave the cell

C

26) If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is ________. A) +0.75 MPa B) -0.75 MPa C) -0.15 MPa D) +0.15 MPa

C

27) Which of the following are important components of the long-distance transport process in plants? I) the cohesion of water molecules II) a negative water potential III) the root parenchyma IV) the active transport of solutes V) bulk flow from source to sink A) II, III, IV, and V B) I, III, IV, and V C) I, II, IV, and V D) I, II, III, and V

C

35) Which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence against root pressure being the principal mechanism of water transport in the xylem? A) Not all soils have high concentrations of ions. B) Root pressure requires movement of water into the xylem from surrounding cells in the roots. C) Over long distances, the force of root pressure is not enough to overcome the force of gravity. D) There is no water potential gradient between roots and shoots.

C

38) Transpiration in plants requires ________. I) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose II) cohesion between water molecules III) evaporation of water molecules IV) active transport through xylem cells V) transport through tracheids A) I, III, IV, and V B) I, II, IV, and V C) I, II, III, and V D) I, II, III, and IV

C

4) Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because A) the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded. B) accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes. C) stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf. D) photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency.

C

46) The high surface-to-volume ratio in leaves aids in ________. A) more light absorption B) less light absorption C) CO2 absorption D) transpiration

C

48) Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because ________. A) the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded B) flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis C) stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf D) accumulation of carbon dioxide in the leaf inhibits enzymes

C

53) The plant hormone ________ causes stomatal closures in drought stress conditions. A) indole-3-acetic acid B) gibberellin C) abscisic acid (ABA) D) ethylene

C

56) Which of the following is a net sugar source for a deciduous angiosperm tree? A) new leaves in early spring B) fruits in summer C) roots in early spring D) roots in early autumn

C

60) Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is correct? A) Solute particles are actively transported from phloem at the source. B) Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap. C) Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed. D) A sink is the part of a plant where a particular solute is produced.

C

8) Which one of the following played a critical role in the successful colonization of land by plants? A) ground tissue B) bacterial association C) mycorrhizae D) cuticle on leaf surface

C

10) One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that ________. A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.1

35) You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. C) It is probably a monocot. D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

57) Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that ________. A) plant development is not under genetic control B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.5

3) Heartwood and sapwood consist of A) bark. B) periderm. C) secondary xylem. D) secondary phloem.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

16) Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

3) Strawberries have modified horizontal shoots growing along the surface, which are referred to as ________. A) rhizomes B) tubers C) stolons D) rhizoids

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

6) ________ is a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood. A) Cellulose B) Starch C) Lignin D) None of these choices

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

21) Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as ________. A) perennial B) weedy C) indeterminate D) primary

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

23) Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to ________. A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem C) cell elongation localized in each internode D) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

36) Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots ________. A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars B) have very thin stems C) do not produce wood in annual rings D) cannot produce lateral shoots

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

38) The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by ________. A) II only B) III only C) IV only D) I and III

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

31) The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily ________. A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem D) continuous cell division of root cap cells

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

58) Which of the following statements is true? A) A band of ribosomes determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing plant cell. B) The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the position of the nucleus in the developing plant cell. C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis. D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."

C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis.

38) Refer to the figure above. A woody eudicot is represented by _____. A) II only B) III only C) IV only D) I and III

C) IV only

35) You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. C) It is probably a monocot. D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

C) It is probably a monocot

2) What is the primary function of stems? A) Facilitation of gas exchange B) Water absorption and movement C) Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves D) Reproduction

C) Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

53) Girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted trees by cutting a groove into the bark of the tree. The groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at least -inch on small trees, and 1- inches on larger trees. Why does this procedure cause tree death? A) No water can be transported from the roots to the leaves. B) No water can be transported from the leaves to the roots. C) No sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots. D) Both water and sugars are prevented from being transported.

C) No sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots.

88) Which of the following is a true statement? A) Flowers may have secondary growth. B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves. C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

40) Canada thistle is a dicot that spreads via growth from lateral roots. You want to use a root miner insect for weed control. What would you need to observe in the underground growth to verify that this weed spreads via lateral roots and not by underground stems? A) an epidermis at the periphery B) vascular bundles in a ring around the outside of a cross section C) a vascular bundle in the center surrounded by parenchyma tissue D) meristematic tissue at the tips of the branches

C) a vascular bundle in the center surrounded by parenchyma tissue

6) One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

84) What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest? A) closing of the stomata B) lateral buds C) apical dominance D) absence of petioles E) intercalary meristems

C) apical dominance

57) Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that _____. A) plant development is not under genetic control B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation

C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression

23) Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to _____. A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem C) cell elongation localized in each internode D) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

C) cell elongation localized in each internode

7) Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation

C) desiccation

36) Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots _____. A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars B) have very thin stems C) do not produce wood in annual rings D) cannot produce lateral shoots

C) do not produce wood in annual rings

31) The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily _____. A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem D) continuous cell division of root cap cells

C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

46) Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree? A) Nowhere; trees more than a year old have only secondary growth. B) closest to ground level at the base of the tree C) in young branches where leaves are forming D) where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are located

C) in young branches where leaves are forming

21) Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____. A) perennial B) weedy C) indeterminate D) primary

C) indeterminate

80) A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be A) development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem. B) cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem. C) preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem. D) elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem. E) formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

C) preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem.

8) Trichomes _____. A) absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves B) open and close for gas exchange C) repel or trap insects D) increase water loss from leaves

C) repel ar trap insects

62) The total number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because A) most genes are never turned on. B) many genes are repeats. C) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. D) this does not take into account mRNA-mRNA interactions. E) this does not take into account protein-mRNA interactions.

C) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA.

17) Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements

C) tracheids and vessel elements

51) Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are _____. A) vascular cambium, producing cork; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem B) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem C) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork D) vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem; cork cambium, producing secondary xylem

C) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

71) A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root? A) zone of cell division B) zone of elongation C) zone of maturation D) root cap E) apical meristem

C) zone of maturation

11) Active transport of amino acids in plants at the cellular level requires ________. A) NADP and channel proteins B) xylem membranes and channel proteins C) sodium/potassium pumps and xylem membranes D) ATP, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

D

13) What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane? A) to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins B) to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane C) to transfer anions across the plasma membrane D) to create a membrane potential

D

16) The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by ________. A) prevailing weather conditions B) aquaporins C) level of active transport D) water potentials

D

23) The protoplast consists of ________. A) all cell components without a nucleus B) all cell components without a cell membrane C) only the cytoplasm and nucleus D) the living part of the cell, including the cell membrane

D

29) Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called ________. A) dehydration B) respiration C) gas exchange D) transpiration

D

3) Phloem sap can flow ________. A) from leaves to shoots only B) from shoots to leaves only C) from sites of sugar production to storage units only D) both ways between production and storage sites

D

34) In plant roots, the Casparian strip ________. A) aids in the uptake of nutrients B) provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex C) ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts D) ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

D

4) Why do most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy, with leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5° compared to leaves above and below? A) to allow maximum exposure to light B) to promote a leaf area index above 8 C) to reduce shading of lower leaves D) to allow maximum exposure to light and to reduce shading of lower leaves

D

42) Formation of the curved upper surface, such as occurs in a tube filled with water, is an important factor in plant water movement. A curved upper surface is created by ________. A) the upward pull of gravity on the water column in the tube B) downward pressure from the atmosphere on the topmost layer of water molecules C) the water molecules being pulled upward by adhesion to the air D) the topmost layer of water molecules being pulled downward by the hydrogen bonds to the water molecules below

D

49) The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of ________. A) increased turgor and increased growth B) mineral transport and increased growth C) evaporative cooling and increased turgor D) evaporative cooling and mineral transport

D

6) Which one of the following does not correctly match the form with its function? A) stem—water and minerals are transported upward B) xylem sap—transport water and nutrients from roots to shoots upward C) transpiration—loss of water mostly through stomata D) cork cambium—increase in stem thickness

D

63) Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule in a plant did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of ________. A) only the xylem B) only the phloem C) only the endodermis D) both the xylem and the phloem

D

64) Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view? A) cell wall B) cell membrane C) vacuole D) plasmodesmata

D

66) The symplastic route can transport ________. A) sugars, mRNA, and mitochondria B) mRNA, mitochondria, and proteins C) mitochondria, mRNA, and viruses D) viruses, sugars, and mRNA

D

The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter _____.

D

6) Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) all of the above

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

7) Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root? A) sclerenchyma cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube elements D) root hairs

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

8) Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) light

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.1

20) Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.2

24) Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below, concealed by the leaves. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field? A) If you mow right at ground level, the leaves can keep growing with no problem. B) Grass mowed two inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed three inches above the ground level. C) If you mow two inches above ground level, most apical meristems will be cut down. D) If you mow two inches above ground level, the apical meristem can keep producing new cells.

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.2

35.2 Student Edition End-of-Chapter Questions 1) Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of A) cell differentiation. B) morphogenesis. C) cell division. D) cell elongation.

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

11) Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair—vascular tissue B) guard cell—vascular tissue C) companion cell—ground tissue D) tracheid—vascular tissue

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

4) An axillary bud in the stem can potentially form a ________ in a variety of plants based on evolutionary adaptations. A) lateral branch B) thorn C) flower D) lateral branch, thorn, and flower

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

17) Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) sclerenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

18) Which of the following plants are annuals? A) azaleas B) roses C) blueberries D) wheat

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

22) What is present in a shoot apical meristem region? I) the region of cell division II) immature buds and leaves III) cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

33) Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? A) endodermis B) phloem C) epidermis D) pericycle

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

39) The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A plant that is at least three years old is represented by ________. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

41) The veins of leaves are ________. I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous, with vascular bundles in the stem and roots III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

27) Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as ________. A) dermal and ground tissue B) lateral tissues C) pith D) secondary tissues

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

54) The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________. A) heart wood and sap wood B) heart wood C) secondary phloem D) secondary phloem and layers of periderm

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

56) Growth and development of plant parts involves ________. I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.5

89) According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels? A) A genes only B) B genes only C) C genes only D) A and B genes only E) A and C genes only

D) A and B genes only

22) What is present in a shoot apical meristem region? I) the region of cell division II) immature buds and leaves III)cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

42) The veins of leaves are _____. I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

56) Growth and development of plant parts involves _____. I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III)specialization of cells into tissues A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

39) Refer to the figure above. A plant that is at least three years old is represented by _____. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

D) IV only

24) Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below, concealed by the leaves. The leaves also have an intercalary meristem at their bases. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field? A) If you mow right at ground level, the leaves can keep growing with no problem. B) Grass mowed two inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed three inches above the ground level. C) If you mow two inches above ground level, most apical meristems will be cut down. D) If you mow two inches above ground level, both the apical and intercalary meristems can keep producing new cells.

D) If you mow two inches above ground level, both the apical and intercalary meristems can keep producing new cells.

93) Which of the following statements is false? A) A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell. B) The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body. C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis. D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off." E) Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."

91) While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred? A) The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects. B) The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues. C) The colored regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals. D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals. E) More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.

54) Where are the youngest wood and the youngest bark in a tree trunk? A) Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the outside of the bark. B) Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium. C) Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the outside of the bark. D) Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.

D) Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.

96) Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of A) cell differentiation. B) morphogenesis. C) cell division. D) cell elongation. E) reproduction.

D) cell elongation

61) Studies using Arabidopsis thaliana have led to important advances in all of the following except A) gene mapping. B) impact of point mutations on gene function. C) gene expression during plant development. D) evolutionary history of plants. E) how genes potentially interact with other genes.

D) evolutionary history of plants.

77) Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division? A) mesophyll cell in a developing leaf B) parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root C) parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

4) Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) light

D) light

64) Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? A) root hair B) cuticle C) periderm D) pith E) phloem

D) pith

75) Plants contain meristems whose major function is to A) attract pollinators. B) absorb ions. C) photosynthesize. D) produce more cells. E) produce flowers.

D) produce more cells

99) Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root? A) sclerenchyma cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube elements D) root hairs E) vessel elements

D) root hairs

27) Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as _____. A) dermal and ground tissue B) lateral tissues C) pith D) secondary tissues

D) secondary tissues

18) Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) sclerenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) sieve-tube elements

86) What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant? A) increases apical dominance B) inhibits the growth of lateral buds C) produces a plant that will grow taller D) stimulates lateral buds to grow E) increases the flow of auxin down the shoot

D) stimulates lateral buds to grow

81) Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called A) hairs. B) xylem cells. C) phloem cells. D) stomata. E) sclereids.

D) stomata

9) Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair — vascular tissue B) guard cell — vascular tissue C) companion cell — ground tissue D) tracheid — vascular tissue

D) tracheid — vascular tissue

70) Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) trichomes D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

D) tracheids and vessel elements

Pith is indicated by the letter _____.

E

79) The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root. I. root cap II. zone of elongation III. zone of cell division IV. zone of cell maturation V. apical meristem Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? A) I, II, V, III, IV B) III, V, I, II, IV C) II, IV, I, V, III D) IV, II, III, I, V E) I, V, III, II, IV

E) I, V, III, II, IV

73) Which of the following best describes advantages conferred by compound leaves versus simple leaves? A) There's a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas. B) There is less chance of damage in high-wind areas. C) There's a reduced chance of herbivory. D) There is less surface area for water loss. E) There's a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less chance of damage in high-wind areas.

E) There's a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less chance of damage in high-wind areas.

94) Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1 above? A) They are parenchyma cells. B) They are photosynthetic. C) They are usually found in roots. D) They are phloem cells. E) They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

E) They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

66) Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except A) vessel elements. B) sieve cells. C) tracheids. D) companion cells. E) cambium cells.

E) cambium cells

83) All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except A) mesophyll-photosynthesis. B) guard cell-regulation of transpiration. C) sieve-tube member-translocation. D) vessel element-water transport. E) companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

E) companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

20) Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) tubers E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure.Refer to the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by which of the following?

IV only

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs?

Endodermis

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

False

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

False

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

False

Calculate Q10 for water uptake by radish seeds for each 10°C increase in temperature, and then calculate the average Q10. Enter your answers to two decimal places.

From 5∘C to 15∘C (1.41) From 15∘C to 25∘C (1.19) From 25∘C to 35∘C (1.17) Average (1.26)

The final form that a plant attains will be determined by both its genetic heritage (genotype) and the environment. (An organism's capacity for responding to environmental change within a single genotype is called phenotypic plasticity.) However, one or the other factor can dominate during development of some features. Based on the data, which factor appears to have the most influence on leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum trees?

Genotype mostly determines leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum.

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

Guard

Some plant species are used for phytoremediation because when grown in soil contaminated by heavy metals and other pollutants, they accumulate the contaminants in their tissues. In this way, they can be used to clean up the soil. Such plants are called "hyper-accumulators." Other plants, however, cannot take up the contaminants from the soil and are called "non-accumulators." If you were to analyze root cross sections from each of these types of plants after they were grown in contaminated soil, what differences would you likely find?

Hyper-accumulators would have contaminants in the cortex and vascular cylinder, and non-accumulators would have contaminants in the cortex but not the vascular cylinder. -In order to be classified as a hyper-accumulator, a plant needs to be able to transport contaminants through the cortex and into the vascular cylinder so they can be sent up to the rest of the plant. Non-accumulators might have some contaminants in the cortex due to apoplast flow, but the plant would not take the contaminants up by active transport.

Growth and development of plant parts involves which of the following processes? I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues

I, II, and III

The veins of leaves are _____. I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells

I, II, and III

The veins of leaves are best described as which of the following? I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous, with vascular bundles in the stem III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells

I, II, and III

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A monocot stem is represented by which of the following?

II only

The following question is based on the figure below. In the diagram above, the dark "dots" represent axillary buds. Which diagram illustrates a compound leaf?

II only

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by ________.

IV only

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure.Refer to the figure. Which of the following represents a plant at least three years old?

IV only

Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems and the leaves have determinate growth. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level, or slightly below, and the leaves have indeterminate growth from meristems at the base of each leaf. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?

If you mow one inch above ground level, apical meristems can continue to produce new leaves and cut leaves can continue growing.

How does the difference show that structure fits function?

In both leaves, the structure fits the function because the arrangement of mesophyll cells maximizes photosynthesis.

Transpiration provides the driving force for the movement of water from the soil to the highest leaves of plants. Transpiration is also linked to other processes in plants, including photosynthesis and the transport of mineral nutrients. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) a relationship between transpiration and other processes in plants?

In most plants, the highest rate of transpiration occurs when the rate of photosynthesis is also highest. Transpiration is important in cooling leaves on warm, sunny days. Open stomata provide a low-resistance pathway for CO2 to enter and for water to exit the leaf. To minimize water loss during dry conditions, most plants must also restrict their ability to carry out photosynthesis.

How does the internal anatomy of a tea leaf differ from that of an iris leaf?

In the tea leaf, mesophyll cells are divided into two layers, with the lower part of the leaf having a loosely arranged spongy layer with large air spaces, and the upper part having a palisade layer of tightly packed cells. In contrast, the iris leaf has both layers made of evenly distributed cells with no large air spaces.

The process that plants use to transport water and minerals from their roots to their shoots -- known as the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism -- relies at many points on the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules. Before looking more carefully at the role of hydrogen bonding in the ascent of xylem sap, let's review the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism, as shown in the figure.

In the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism, Transpiration describes the loss of water from the stomata of leaves. As water vapor is lost through transpiration, more water evaporates from the cell walls of leaf mesophyll cells. The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells creates a surface tension that pulls water up the xylem. Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. Water molecules also adhere to the walls of xylem cells, which helps to counteract the force of gravity. Water enters the xylem after it is absorbed by a plant's roots.

Root hairs have which of the following roles in absorption and transport of water and minerals? Select all that apply.

Increase surface area of contact between the root epidermis and the soil solution Absorb the soil solution into the apoplast and symplast -Root hairs vastly increase the surface area of contact between root and soil, allowing for increased absorption of water and dissolved minerals into the apoplast and symplast of the root.

How did the evolution of lignin affect vascular plant structure and function?

It drives out water and strengthens the cell wall. It is one of the major constituents of the secondary wall of tall plants. It is synthesized in the cells that become part of the transport system.

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?

It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele.

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true?

It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true?

It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem.

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What should you conclude about the plant?

It is a monocot.

Which of these statements about the Casparian strip is true?

It is a waxy band of suberin around cells of the endodermis. It is hydrophobic. It blocks apoplastic transport into the vascular cylinder. -The Casparian strip is a waxy, hydrophobic band of suberin in the walls around the endodermal cells. It has the important job of blocking the apoplastic route of water and dissolved minerals.

What is the main purpose of secondary growth in a woody stem?

It makes the stems and roots thicker.

How might this organ be an adaptation for dry conditions?

It might prevent water loss by reduction of the stomatal number. It might preserve large amounts of water. It might perform photosynthesis.

Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect? -It typically has a lower water potential than is found in soil. -No energy input is required for transport. -It transports mainly sugars and amino acids. -It conducts material from root tips to leaves.

It transports mainly sugars and amino acids.

As with all multicellular organisms, homeotic genes in plants control morphogenesis (how the tissues and organs of the plant are arranged). In maize plants, the homeotic gene KNOTTED1 (abbreviated KN1) helps maintain the indeterminate state of shoot apical meristems.In wild-type maize plants, KN1 is expressed at high levels in the shoot apical meristem, but is expressed at low levels in leaves.In some mutant maize plants, KN1 is expressed at high levels in leaves. In those plants, outgrowths or knots of adventitious shoot meristems (shoot meristems that appear in abnormal locations on the leaves) form. Use this information to determine which of the following statements are true. Select the four statements that are true.

Leaves of the mutant maize plants produce more KN1 protein than leaves of wild-type maize plants. Expression of the KN1 gene in shoot apical meristem cells produces a protein involved in the maintenance of shoot apical meristems. In wild-type maize plants, the KN1 gene is expressed differentially in shoot apical meristem cells and leaf cells. In wild-type maize plants, the KN1 gene is mostly expressed in shoot apical meristem cells.

Which of the following accurately describes meristematic plant cells?

Meristematic cells are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells.

What is a consequence of monocot vascular bundles not having a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem?

Monocots have no secondary growth.

What are the differences between the monocots and the eudicots? Sort the characteristics by whether they apply to the monocots or eudicots.

Monocots: secondary growth is unusual parallel major leaf veins stems with scattered vascular bundles adventitious roots Eudicots: widespread secondary growth branched major leaf veins stems with vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem?

Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant

In the concluding paragraph, the authors suggest that the results of their investigation into the role of the RCO gene in C. hirsuta, its relationship to the LMI1 gene, and the loss of the RCO gene in A. thaliana support a broad principle of regulatory evolution: that evolution favors mutations that minimize pleiotropy. Why would evolution favor mutations that minimize pleiotropy?

Mutations with greater pleiotropic effects are more likely to be harmful to the fitness of organisms and are thus removed from the population by natural selection.

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.

The image below is a cross section through a young root tip with a layer of root cap cells surrounding the developing epidermis and interior tissues. The darker epidermal cells are stained to express the homeotic gene GLABRA-2. Which of the following best predicts what will be the appearance of this part of the mature root?

Only the unstained cells will develop root hairs.

The following question is based on data from Northern Red Maples in the table below (from text box, p. 760). Which data above best illustrates phenotypic plasticity in leaf "toothiness"?

Rhode Island Grown, Florida Collected and Florida Grown, Florida Collected

An initial cell in a plant apical meristem has a cuboidal shape. Predict the orientation of microtubules beneath the cell membrane if that cell will differentiate into procambium and ultimately a xylem vessel.

Rings of microtubules are oriented at right angles to the direction the cell will eventually expand.

What data support the conclusion that genotype mostly determines leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum?

Seeds collected from the north grew into trees with different tooth traits than those from the south, regardless of where they were grown.

The concentrations of some essential minerals are much higher in the vascular cylinder of roots than in the soil solution around the roots. What is the best explanation for this observation?

Some essential minerals are taken into the symplast by active transport. -Active transport into the symplast helps concentrate dissolved minerals that flow to the vascular cylinder, and the Casparian strip prevents back-flow out of the root down the concentration gradient.

Use your knowledge of primary and secondary growth to visualize and explain how this happened.

Someone must have threaded it over a young woody branch: primary growth raised the bicycle off the ground. Secondary growth in the region of the tree notch enveloped the bicycle.

You can see from the two bar graphs that different populations of Acer rubrum from different latitudes have different leaf traits. This indicates that the different populations have adapted to their respective environments over time and therefore have different genotypes. One environmental factor that a population of trees would adapt to is climate, including average temperatures. In fact, the "toothiness" of leaf fossils of known age has been used by paleoclimatologists to estimate past temperatures in a region. If a 10,000-year-old fossilized Acer rubrum leaf from South Carolina had an average of 4.2 teeth per square centimeter of leaf area, what could you infer about the relative temperature of South Carolina 10,000 years ago compared with today? Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.

South Carolina was much colder 10,000 years ago than it is today.

Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur?

Stomatal apertures would decrease.

Select the correct statement about variation in stomatal density.

Stomatal density is developmentally plastic.

How might this difference relate to the orientations of the leaves?

Tea leaves are horizontally oriented and are more likely to receive light on the upper surface. In contrast, iris leaves are vertically oriented with both sides illuminated during the course of the day.

If you were an Arabidopsis researcher, how might you respond to this argument?

The many advantages of Arabidopsis include its small genome, short life cycle, small stature, prolific seed production, and ease of transformation. A wealth of genomic resources received from Arabidopsis already exists, such as a completely sequenced genome, a large mutant collection, and genome arrays that contain all of its transcripts. Experiments can be done more quickly, more cheaply, and more definitively on Arabidopsis than on crop plants such as cassava and plantain.

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true? -The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis. -The driving force for sugar movement is transpiration. -Companion cells form the conducting tissue for sap. -The main component of phloem sap is glucose.

The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis.

On the graph, higher indexes indicate wider rings and higher temperatures. What does the graph indicate about environmental change during the period 1550-1993?

The pattern of higher temperatures during the 1900s, as indicated by wider growth rings, suggests unusual warming. -The 1900s have been considerably warmer (as indicated by wider growth rings) than past centuries.

A plant cell is placed in distilled water, as shown in the figure. There is a net uptake of water by osmosis, causing the cell to become turgid. Select the correct statement about this setup, after the cell is fully turgid.

The water potentials (ΨΨ) of the cell and its surroundings are the same. -The cell initially has a higher pressure potential (ΨPΨP) and a lower solute potential (ΨSΨS) than the distilled water around it, but water will enter the cell until the cell and its surroundings have the same water potential. Read about how solutes and pressure affect water potential.

Why do plants need secondary growth?

To provide structural support for the plant

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used more than once.

Water and dissolved minerals located in the cell walls and intercellular spaces of the root cortex are in the (apoplastic) route of transport, and those in the cytoplasm of cortex cells are in the (symplastic) route. The (symplastic) route requires plasmodesmata. The (apoplastic) route is obstructed by the Casparian strip, thereby forcing water and minerals to cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells before gaining entrance into the vascular cylinder. -The symplast and apoplast are the physical spaces in the plant body where water and dissolved minerals can flow. The symplast and apoplast are divided from each other by membranes.

Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true?

Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves.

Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true? -Water and minerals enter the xylem by active transport. -Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves. -All water transported by the xylem is used for photosynthesis in the leaves. -The xylem cells that conduct water and minerals are alive.

Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves.

Select the accurate statement about water potential. -Water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential. -Free water moves from a region of lower water potential to a region of higher water potential. -Adding solutes to water increases water potential.

Water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential.

Select the accurate statement about water potential.

Water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential. -The pressure potential (/PsiP/PsiP) of a cell increases as water enters the cell and it becomes more turgid. Read about how pressure affects water potential.

What process is most important in the expansion of plant cells?

Water uptake

A plant that grows one year, without flowering, and then grows again the following year and produces flowers before it dies is described as which of the following?

a biennial

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

a meristem cell near the root tip

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

all of the above (secondary xylem, leaves, and dermal tissue)

The opening of stomata is thought to involve _____.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells

The opening of stomata is thought to involve

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells.

The apoplast and symplast are two regions of the plant that serve as pathways for water and solute transport over both short and long distances. These pathways are represented by the arrows in the diagram below, which shows three adjacent cells in a leaf or root.

apoplastic pathway: is depicted by the red arrow in the diagram involves water transport outside the protoplast consists of a porous matrix of hydrophilic polymers symplastic pathway: is depicted by the blue arrow in the diagram involves water moving via plasmodesmata can involve water entering vacuoles neither pathway: requires water to cross multiple plasma membranes

Plant meristematic cells _____.

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________.

be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would

be from the tissue into the sucrose solution.

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

by the division of its cells

All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except: -carbon dioxide. -water. -nitrogen. -potassium. -calcium.

carbon dioxide.

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that _____.

cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell elongation.

At which level in the hierarchy of plant structure is the polarity of a plant determined?

cells

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

center ... surface

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? a) dermal tissue b) tubers c) leaves d) secondary xylem e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Active transport involves all of the following except: -pumping of solutes across the membrane. -transport of solute against a concentration gradient. -hydrolysis of ATP. -diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. -specific transport proteins in the membrane.

diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

false

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

false

Which of the following is an end product of photosynthesis?

glucose

Which of the following tissues or cell types are always present in a monocot stem?

ground tissue beneath the epidermis

Cells that control the rate of water loss from the leaf

guard cells

Compared with a cell with few aquaporin proteins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporin proteins will

have a faster rate of osmosis.

Water's properties of surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion are central to the ability of transpiration to pull water up from the roots to the leaves through the xylem. Sort each statement into the appropriate bin to indicate if the change described in the statement would increase, decrease, or not affect the pull that transpiration generates in the xylem of a tree.

increase transpirational pull: larger diameter of stomatal pores decrease transpirational pull: less curvature of water surface on mesophyll cell walls higher relative humidity in air around leaf lower rate of water evaporation from surface of mesophyll cells thicker film of water on surface of mesophyll cells would not affect transpirational pull: larger air space in leaf interior

Onions are monocots with certain parts adapted for storage. From which of the following plant parts is the main storage structure formed?

leaf sheaths

Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.

leaves

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

light

Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma cells?

lignin

Cellular differentiation is responsible for _____.

one daughter cell differentiating and one remaining meristematic -Cell differentiation occurs as different genes are switched on and off.

Which of the following is unique to the shoot apical meristem region?I) the region of cell division II) leaf primordia III) cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium

only II

According to the ABC hypothesis for flower formation, which of the following outcomes would be expected for a plant that only expresses its A and C flower genes?

only sepals and carpels will form

Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

petal-petal-stamen-stamen

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?

petal-petal-stamen-stamen

The Q10 values you just calculated are shown. Do your results imply that the uptake of water by radish seeds is mainly a physical process or a chemical (metabolic) process?

physical

A leaf would best be described as a

plant organ

A leaf would best be described as a

plant organ.

Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view?

plasmodesmata

The channels indicated by the pointer, are _____.

plasmodesmata

What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

positive pressure on the surrounding solution

Sort the terms and phrases as to whether they function in or describe primary growth or secondary growth.

primary growth: occurs in plants that live only one year increases exposure to light apical meristem elongation secondary growth: lateral meristem cork cambium growth in thickness provides structural support vascular cambium increases vascular flow both: occurs in plants that live many years neither: none

Bark is generally thought to be the tough outer layer of the stem; however, it is composed of all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium. From the following list, which tissues make up bark?

primary phloem, secondary phloem, and periderm

Which of the following structures is a modified horizontal shoot growing along the soil surface?

stolon

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to which of the following human adaptations?

putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on _____.

regulation of gene expression

Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on _____. See Concept 35.5 (Page)

regulation of gene expression

Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on __________.

regulation of gene expression

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. Which of the following is the main function associated with structure X?

retention of water

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?

root hairs

Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?

sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls

The bark of a tree trunk includes which of the following tissues?

secondary phloem and layers of periderm

The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________.

secondary phloem and layers of periderm

Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____.

secondary xylem

The letter A indicates _____.

secondary xylem

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

secondary xylem

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

secondary xylem

The vascular cambium gives rise to

secondary xylem and phloem.

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

secondary xylem.

Cellular differentiation is responsible for __________.

some epidermal cells in Arabidopsis becoming root hair cells while others become hairless epidermal cells.

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because _____.

sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____.

sugar

The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____.

sugar

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____.

sugar Phloem, not xylem, transports sugar.

Evolutionary biologists have coined the term exaptation to describe a common occurrence in the evolution of life: A limb or organ evolves in a particular context but over time takes on a new function. What are some examples of exaptations in plant organs?

tendrils of a pea plant bulb of a tulip spines of a garden rose

During primary growth, the primary xylem and phloem grow alongside each other, except for a layer of tissue in between them. These primary tissues will eventually be pushed away from each other during secondary growth. What growth process causes this to occur?

the accumulation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

As this wagon passed from the middle of the Sequoia tree to the outside, what would be the order of tissues it passed through?

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure?

the endodermis

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

the evaporation of water from the leaves

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

All of the following involve active transport across membranes except: -the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast. -the movement of mineral nutrients from mesophyll cells into xylem cells. -the movement of K+ across guard cell membranes during stomatal opening. -the movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex. -the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next.

the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next.

The following question is based on the figure below. Which of the following must have occurred during development in the region between the root and stem circled on this diagram of an herbaceous eudicot?

the xylem in the root must split into separate strands in the stem

Which of the following is a common feature of secondary xylem and cork cells?

they are both composed of dead cells at maturity

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

they continue to divide

The following question is based on the diagram of three-years-old growth in a winter twig below. If you examined the cut surface at the base of this twig, how many growth rings should be present?

three

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid-vascular tissue

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

tracheids and vessel elements

The leaf area index is the ratio of the ________.

upper leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows

The proton pump _____.

uses the energy stored in ATP to produce a hydrogen ion gradient across membranes.

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

vascular cambium

A group of different cell types involved in long-distance transport of water and nutrients

vein or vascular bundle

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

vertically in height

Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree?

warm, dry day

The physical property that predicts the direction of water flow is referred as ________.

water potential

Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?

with or together with: co- tough, hard: scler- green: chloro- middle: meso- outer layer, bark: cortex formed substance: -plasm top, highest: apic- life: bio- light: photo- leaf: -phyll

Which of the following are produced by lateral meristems?

wood and cork

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

woody eudicot

Plants adapted to arid environments are referred to as ________.

xerophytes

Cells that transport water from the roots to the leaves

xylem

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new __________ to the layer's interior and __________ to the layer's exterior.

xylem ... phloem

Which of the following is true for an emerging lateral root to function?

xylem of the new lateral root connects to the xylem of the original root

The following question is based on this cross section of a monocot stem. Which of the following is NOT a pattern of vascular bundles evident in this stem?

xylem toward the outside of each bundle, phloem toward the center

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the circumference of a tree trunk and the diameter of roots and stems by adding new __________ to the layer's interior and __________ to the layer's exterior.

xylem, phloem

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the stem?

zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

A plant cell with a ψs of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ψs of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a

ψp of +0.35 MPa.