ch 4

latent

According to Freud, the ________ content of dreams is the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.

alcohol

According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States, which of the following substances have high school seniors used the most?

pons

According to activation information modulation (AIM) theory, dreams are initiated in the brain's:

divided consciousness

According to hypnosis researcher Ernest Hilgard, hypnosis brings about a dissociation of consciousness into two simultaneous components. This is known as:

D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely to use marijuana than was a comparison group of non graduates.

Assessment of the D.A.R.E. program has revealed that:

methamphetamine

Based on your reading of the text, ________ is currently the most dangerous street drug in the United States.

circadian rhythms

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed as:

adenosine

Caffeine mimics the effects of a natural brain chemical called:

blocking the reabsorption of leftover dopamine.

Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects on the brain by:

slow down the nervous system

Depressants are drugs that:

90 minutes

How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

twice daily, for 20 minutes at a time

How often and for how long should meditation be practiced to realize its benefits?

psychological

In ________ dependence, people believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living.

the brain waves become slower

In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

dreams-for-survival theory

In the ________, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires.

increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety

Narcotics, such as heroin, are drugs that:

cocaine

Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by:

have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.

Stimulants are drugs that:

narcotics

Symptoms such as anxiety, vomiting, sneezing, diarrhea, lower back pain, watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, irritability, tremors, panic, chills and sweating, and cramps are related to the use of:

activation-synthesis theory

The ________ focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters.

consists of symbols

The manifest content of a dream:

marijuana

The most common hallucinogen in widespread use today is:

hallucinogens

The use of ________ results in euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, and disoriented behavior.

a. The tendency to seek out new experiences b. The tendency to become absorbed in one's activities c. The tendency toward low self-confidence d. The tendency to defer to others' wishes

To which of the following traits does an individual's susceptibility to hypnosis seem related? B

a. Depressants—capable of producing hallucinations b. Narcotics—produce changes in sensory perception c. Stimulants—increase the activity of the central nervous system d. Hallucinogens—slow down the nervous system

Which category of psychoactive drugs mentioned below is correctly matched with its effects on thought and behavior? C

a. Heroin—hallucinogen b. Caffeine—stimulant c. Marijuana—depressant d. Cocaine—depressant

Which drug mentioned below is correctly matched with its class? B

James

Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?

a. Taking sleeping pills b. Drinking warm milk c. Exercising during the day d. Avoiding caffeine

Which of the following is NOT a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping? A

a. In physiological dependence, people believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living. b. Addictive drugs produce a physiological or psychological dependence (or both) in the user. c. Psychoactive drugs are not common in most of our lives. d. In psychological dependence, the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it cannot function without it.

Which of the following is TRUE about drugs? B

a. Most people suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation experiment. b. They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments. c. They show a decline in logical reasoning ability. d. Their creativity levels remain unchanged.

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments? C

a. People always tell the truth when they are hypnotized. b. People may be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized. c. People may be induced to engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized. d. People cannot be hypnotized against their will.

Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is TRUE? D

a. Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered. b. The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep. c. It is the only sleep stage in which dreaming occurs. d. It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of REM sleep and dreaming? B

a. The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears, the means to alter consciousness vary dramatically. b. The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, as are the particular means to do so. c. The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears, though, the means to alter consciousness are much the same. d. The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding potential cross-cultural variation in the attempt to alter consciousness? D

a. Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; however, NREM dreams are more vivid than dreams in REM sleep. b. Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than dreams in REM sleep. c. Dreams occur only in REM sleep. d. Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.

Which of the following statements is true of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep? B

a. Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness. b. There is an increased ability to construct images under hypnosis than in the waking state. c. Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state. d. The brain's electrical activity differs between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness.

Which of the following statements reflects a difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis? D

a. Apathy, general fatigue, prolonged sleep b. Sneezing, diarrhea, lower back pain, watery eyes, runny nose c. Decreased appetite, weight loss; women may note menstrual changes d. Acute anxiety, hallucinations, seizures, possible death

Which of the following withdrawal symptoms are related to the use of stimulants? A

nightmares

________ are unusually frightening dreams that occur fairly often.

psychoactive

________ drugs influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.

addictive

________ drugs produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.

sleep apnea

________ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping.

meditation

________ is a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.

hypnosis

________ is a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

consciousness

________ is the awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment

stage 4 sleep

________ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

alcohol

________ is the most widely used depressant in the United States.

night terrors

________ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that is accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal.

narcolepsy

________ refers to uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake.

amphetamines

________, such as dexedrine and benzedrine, are popularly known as speed.

suprachiasmatic

The brain's ________ nucleus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

unconscious with fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires that dreamers want to see fulfilled is known as: