CH. 4- HW questions

What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?

Cristae : These folds increase the surface area of the membrane, allowing more proteins to be embedded and thus enhancing the ability of the mitochondrion to produce ATP.

Cilia and flagella move thanks to the energy provided by __________, a special motor protein that can harvest energy from ATP.

Dynein arms : The dynein arms of cilia and flagella break down ATP for energy for motility.

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?

Lysosome : This organelle functions to remove unwanted or unneeded material from the cell.

When elongated, tube-shaped cells from the lining of the intestine are treated with a certain chemical, the cells sag and become rounded. The internal structures disrupted by this chemical are probably __________.

Microtubules : Microtubules are cytoskeletal components, and the shape of a cell is determined by its cytoskeleton.

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? The _____ functions in _____.

vacuole ... storage : Plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have several smaller vacuoles located throughout the cytoplasm.

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes : Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization whereas eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

100

Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells?

Lysosomes (and centrosomes) : This organelle is found only in animal cells. Most plant cells do not have a lysosome.

Which of the following cytoplasmic structures functions in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?

Microtubules : Vesicles travel along microtubules as they move from one part of the cell to another.

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane?

The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. : Transport vesicles from the Golgi move to the plasma membrane for export. In some cases the finished products become part of the plasma membrane or part of another organelle.

Mitochondria are found in _____.

both plant cells and animal cells : Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

Peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in the _____.

breakdown of fatty acids : Peroxisomes break down fatty acids for fuel, and they are involved in the detoxification of alcohol and other harmful substances.

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.

chloroplasts; mitochondria

Where would ribosomes be located that are responsible for producing enzymes which play a role in sugar metabolism?

cytosol : The first steps of sugar metabolism occur within the cytosol. Therefore, the ribosomes in the cytosol are responsible for making the necessary enzymes.

Where are chlorophyll molecules located within the chloroplasts?

embedded in the thylakoid membrane : Chlorophyll molecules are embedded within the thylakoid membrane, which is the most extensive membrane system within plant cells.

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

Chloroplasts are found in __________.

plant cells and some protists : Chloroplasts are lens-shaped organelles found in leaves and other green organs of plants and photosynthetic protists.

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane; cell wall

Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell?

ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum : Each structure is capable of synthesis.

In muscle cells, the _____ is/are specialized for the storage and release of calcium.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum : When a muscle cell is stimulated by a nerve impulse, calcium is released from the smooth ER, triggering the contraction.

Lysosomes are derived from __________ and function in __________.

the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum ... digestion of worn-out organelles : Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules. They are produced by budding off the Golgi apparatus.

Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to _____.

the endoplasmic reticulum : Ribosomes bound to endoplasmic reticulum generally make proteins destined either for inclusion into membranes; for packaging within certain organelles, such as lysosomes; or for export from the cell.

The genetic center of the eukaryotic cell is the __________.

Nucleus : The nucleus is the genetic center of the cell, and it contains the hereditary information.

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.

endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome

The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of _____.

microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments : These three types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton.

Flagella and cilia are both composed of tubulin subunits. Despite this similarity, key differences exist between these two structures. For example, __________.

only cilia move as a coordinated team : Cilia work together in a coordinated team, much like the oars on a rowing team. This allows them to propel fluids along their surfaces for locomotion or feeding.

In plants, __________ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. In animal cells, similar cell junctions are known as __________.

plasmodesmata ... gap junctions : Plant cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata, which form tubelike structures that penetrate through the cell walls. Gap junctions are formed by specialized channels found in animal cells. Both Plamodesmata and gap junctions allow the free exchange of small molecules and help coordinate the activities of neighboring cells.