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When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of: Thyroid gland Anterior pituitary gland Posterior adrenal cortex Pancreas

Anterior pituitary gland

Which manifestation would a nurse expect when assessing a child with insufficient growth hormone (GH) secretion? Rank below 10% on the growth chart Mental sluggishness Increased susceptibility to infection Lower blood calcium levels

Rank below 10% on the growth chart

The physician suspects a client may be experiencing hypofunction of an endocrine organ. Select the most appropriate test to determine organ function. Stimulation tests Suppression tests Genetic testing Imaging studies

Stimulation tests

After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress? Cortisol, a glucocorticoid Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid Androstenedione, an adrenal androgen Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal androgen

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid

The nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The nurse teaches that thyroid hormone is transported by which? protein carriers target cells cholesterol molecules prohormones

protein carriers

While reviewing the major actions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the faculty points out that in males this hormone is responsible for the: size of gonads. sperm production. testosterone levels. size of muscles.

sperm production.

A client reports multiple nonspecific concerns, and the health care provider has ordered a positron emission tomography (PET). For which is the client being evaluated? the pancreas response to an insulin injection tumors located on the endocrine glands bone density radioactivity of the thyroid gland

tumors located on the endocrine glands

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which teaching point should the nurse include in the orientation? "The regulation of homeostasis requires that hormones be absent from the body when their effect is not needed." "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes." "It's uncommon for production of hormones to be far removed from the tissue where they ultimately exert their effect." "Sometimes hormones act locally on the area where they were produced, as in the case of endocrine actions."

"A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."

Select the category of hormones that include norepinephrine and epinephrine. Amines and amino acids Peptides Glycoproteins Steroids

Amines and amino acids

The nurse is teaching a client how to collect a 24-hour urine sample for cortisol levels. The client asks why a blood sample cannot just be taken since collecting urine for 24-hours is inconvenient. How should the nurse respond? "Because cortisol levels fluctuate, collecting a sample over time will be more accurate." "Cortisol cannot be measured using blood samples, because it is produced by your kidneys." "The results from urine tests are less likely to be affected by any medications you take." "Urine tests are safer to collect, because they are noninvasive compared to a blood test."

"Because cortisol levels fluctuate, collecting a sample over time will be more accurate."

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which role in the functioning of the endocrine system? Mediating hormone synthesis by non-vesicle-mediated pathways Acting as a high-affinity receptor on the surface of target cells Inactivating hormones to prevent excess accumulation Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as: Proteins Steroids Amines and amino acids Peptides and polypeptides

Amines and amino acids

Hormones can be synthesized by both vesicle-mediated pathways and non-vesicle-mediated pathways. What hormones are synthesized by non-vesicle-mediated pathways? Neurotransmitters that are also hormones Renin and angiotensin Androgens and estrogens Pepsin and ghrelin

Androgens and estrogens -Hormones that are synthesized by non-vesicle-mediated pathways include the glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and mineralocorticoids—all steroids derived from cholesterol.

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit further release of insulin from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action? Retinoid Autocrine Juxtaposed Arachidonic

Autocrine

When hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed: Autocratic and paracratic Autocrine and paracrine Localized and influential Preventers and inhibitors

Autocrine and paracrine

The nurse is planning to collect a 24-hour urine sample for hormone assay. In which situation does the nurse collaborate with the health care provider to find an alternate type of testing? Client has anuria. Client has anemia. Client has diabetes. Client has hypothyroidism.

Client has anuria.

A client experiences an increase in cortisol as a result of Cushing disease. Which hormonal responses demonstrate the negative feedback mechanism? Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

An adult client presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope. Blood pressure is low and the pulse is thready and rapid. The client frequently voids large amounts of pale, clear urine. Lung sounds are clear and skin turgor is inelastic. Which endocrine disorder is the likely cause of these manifestations? Diabetes insipidus Hyperparathyroidism Myxedema Gigantism

Diabetes insipidus

Which type of imaging is preferred to evaluate the bone density of a client with hyperparathyroidism? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT) scan Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan Ultrasound

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan

When caring for a client who is being screened for osteoporosis, the nurse plans to evaluate the results of which diagnostic test? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Positron emission tomography (PET)

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism? Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone Decreased hematocrit Elevated serum pH Decreased red blood cell count

Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

Which hormone is secreted based on a cyclic rather than a diurnal manner? Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Growth hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland? Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Norepinephrine

Growth hormone (GH)

Which physiologic process allows hormones to exert influence upon some cells and not others? Hormone receptors Positive feedback Pituitary-hypothalamic feedback Protein binding

Hormone receptors

Which statement best explains the function of hormone receptors? Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response. Hormone receptors produce antibodies to block certain hormones from entering the cell. Hormone receptors are located within the red blood cells and carry hormones to the target cells. Hormone receptors respond to decreasing hormone levels by producing a decrease in receptor numbers.

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response.

A health care provider is assessing a client for a potential endocrine disorder. Assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, and body temperature. Which mechanism of endocrine control will require further laboratory/diagnostic assessment? Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Cerebellum Cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

Which gland acts as a signal relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland? Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

An infant whose mother had myxedema during the pregnancy has failed to meet standards for growth and is developmentally delayed. Which hormonal imbalance is this child exhibiting? Hypothyroidism Calcium insufficiency Hypoglycemia Dopamine insufficiency

Hypothyroidism

An adult client is scheduled for testing of a suspected growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor. Which result from the glucose suppression test would confirm the condition? Hypoglycemia Decreased GH levels Increased GH secretion Hyperinsulinemia

Increased GH secretion

x The nurse is discussing positive feedback mechanisms. Which example best explains this mechanism? Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production. Decreased thyroid hormone (TH) increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Increased glucose levels in the blood decreases growth hormone (GH) levels. Decreased cortisone levels increase blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production.

What is an advantage of assessing hormone levels through collection of a 24-hour urine? It does not require serum collection for an accurate reading. Results can be accurately assessed even if urine is not preserved correctly. Accuracy isn't affected if some voiding is not included in the sample. Scheduled urine collections can be difficult to achieve.

It does not require serum collection for an accurate reading.

A client develops hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Which hormonal imbalance caused this complication? Lack of thyroid hormone Lack of parathyroid hormone Lack of thyroid-stimulating hormone Lack of thyrotropic-releasing hormone

Lack of parathyroid hormone

Which organ system is matched with the preferred type of imaging? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland Computed tomography (CT) scan of the thyroid gland Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the adrenal glands Ultrasound of bone density

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland

Which statement is accurate regarding how hormones are metabolized and excreted? Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells. Steroids have a short lifespan. Thyroid hormone is excreted unchanged by the kidney. Adrenal hormones are broken down by cell receptors.

Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells.

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones? Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Hypothalamus

Pituitary

The nurse is educating a client with a newly diagnosed thyroid cancer. Which testing procedure should be reviewed because it allows good examination of the tissue structure and provides information about the tissue function as well? Ultrasonography Dual-electron x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan Positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) Magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI)

Positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT)

A client receives steroids for several months to treat an inflammatory condition. Which action by the primary health care provider indicates an understanding of the negative feedback mechanism when the client no longer needs the medication? Instructing the client to stop taking the medication Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks Measuring urine catecholamine levels before stopping the drug Scheduling a positron emission tomography scan a week after stopping the drug

Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks

A client with a history of brain tumors that resulted in partial removal of the pituitary gland years ago expresses concern to the health care provider about whether she will be able to breast-feed her infant. Which physiologic function of the pituitary gland facilitates breast milk production? Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Prolactin

Prolactin

Several hormones, including growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), are bound to and carried by which substance? Proteins Target cells Cholesterol Prohormones

Proteins

The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving exogenous corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Recognizing that hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback, which laboratory test result does the nurse anticipate uncovering when reviewing the medical record? Reduction in ACTH Increase in ACTH Reduction in TSH Increase in TSH

Reduction in ACTH

Hormones are chemical messengers that provide which function in the body? Regulate body functions Initiate immune reactions Transport fatty acids and lipids Cause one specific tissue effect

Regulate body functions

A client has received an injection containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and is now being assessed for serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Which type of diagnostic testing is this client undergoing? Suppression testing Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Autoantibody testing Stimulation testing

Stimulation testing

A client undergoing an evaluation of hormone levels asks, "What regulates the hormone levels?" Which response by the nurse would be considered most accurate? The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system Exogenous forms of hormones The positive feedback loop The hypophysial portal system

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

When describing to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes how insulin is regulated, the nurse will draw upon her knowledge of which hormonal regulation mechanism? Basal metabolic rate The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system The cytokine-interleukin regulatory mechanism The angiotensin I to angiotensin II to aldosterone system

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

The nurse is caring for a client with a hormonal disorder that is widely affecting many body systems. The nurse recognizes that which form of hormone signaling pathway is most likely involved in the client's disorder? endocrine paracrine autocrine local mediation

endocrine

The endocrine system is closely linked with the nervous system. Which neurotransmitter can also act as a hormone? epinephrine norepinephrine progesterone thyroid-stimulating hormone

epinephrine

A middle-aged female client has been diagnosed with a thyroid condition. The nurse educates the client about the prescription and needed follow-up lab work, which will help regulate the dosage. The client asks, "Why do I not return to the clinic for weeks, since I am starting the medication tomorrow morning?" The nurse bases the answer on the knowledge that thyroid hormones: may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action. will begin working right away, and the clinic wants to see how the body is responding to the drug. cause many side effects, and the clinic wants the client to be on the medication for several weeks so that all the effects can be reported. can cause weight loss, so the clinic wants to see how much weight the client loses at the return visit.

may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action.

The hormone levels in the body need to be kept within an appropriate range. How is this accomplished for many of the hormones in the body? Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Regulated feedback loop Sensory feedback loop

Negative feedback loop

Which of the following are examples of amines? Select all that apply. Norepinephrine Epinephrine Growth hormone (GH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Norepinephrine Epinephrine

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control? Negative feedback Positive feedback Hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell feedback Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Negative feedback