Ch. 48 The Respiratory System

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Outline the movement of air in the respiratory system of birds starting with an inhalation and ending with its exhalation.

1) air enters posterior sacs 2) air moves to lungs 3) air enters anterior sacs 4) air exits the body

Rank the efficiency of these respiratory systems, starting with least efficient on top and ending with most efficient at the bottom.

1) amphibian 2) reptile 3) birds and mammals 4) fish

Order the following structures in the mammalian respiratory system according to when the air passes through them, from first to last.

1) nose 2) larynx 3) trachea 4) bronchi 5) bronchioles

Which of the following represents the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?

160 mmHg

Under normal conditions, the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation in the tissues is 75%, therefore

22% of the oxygen is unloaded in the tissues.

Under normal conditions, the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation in the tissues is 75%, therefore

22% of the oxygen is uploaded in the tissues.

The maximum O2 per liter in blood plasma is ______ ml.

3

The maximum O2 per liter in blood plasma is _______ ml.

3

Blood plasma can contain a maximum of

3ml of O2 per liter

What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single molecules of hemoglobin?

4

What is the number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

In mammals, blood returning from the systemic circulation (depleted in oxygen) typically has an oxygen partial pressure of ____ mm Hg.

40

Oxygen in the mitochondria is used in the formation of which of the following compounds?

ATP

In fishes, where does water go after it is inhaled?

Across and through the gills

Which of the following are the two main causes of lung cancer?

Air pollution Cigarette smoking

Which of the following are common causes of COPDs?

Allergens Air pollution Airborne irritants Cigarette smoking

Which of the following animals can employ cutaneous respiration?

Amphibians Some turtles

Carbon dioxide is released from human tissues as a waste product. In which of the following ways can it be transported to the lungs?

As bicarbonate ions Dissolved in solution inside erythrocytes Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in solution in plasma

Why have most multicellular organisms evolved structural adaptations which maximize gas diffusion from the environment?

Because direct diffusion of oxygen into each cell can provide enough oxygen only over distances under 0.5 mm.

Why do multicellular organisms have to rely on specialized systems for transport and exchange of gases?

Because most of their cells are not in direct contract with the external environment.

Why does myoglobin release its oxygen reserve only after hemoglobin oxygen reserves have been depleted?

Because myoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin

Which of the following statements about Earth's air is true?

Because of gravity, air exerts a pressure on objects below it.

Why can the two pleural membranes couple the lungs to the thoracic cavity?

Because the pleural cavity is very small and filled with fluid.

When a fish is taken out of water, its gills can no longer function properly in gas exchange. Why is this the case?

Because they need to be supported by water and collapse in air

Where are the gills of bony fish located?

Between the buccal and the opercular cavities

What are the effects of emphysema?

Breathing takes significantly more energy Air passages constrict so the person cannot fully exhale Lungs become less elastic

How do lungs and gills maximize the exchange of gases between the external environment and the internal fluid of animals?

By decreasing the distance across which gases must diffuse By increasing surface area available for exchange

Which of the following are ways in which the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane can be increased?

By increasing the surface area of the membrane. By decreasing the distance across which diffusion is occurring.

How do gases move across the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes?

By passive diffusion

A general acronym that refers to any disorder that obstructs airflow in the lungs on a long-term basis is ______.

COPD

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the cytoplasm of red blood cells?

Carbonic anhydrase

How is ventilation in mammalian lungs controlled?

Cells in the brainstem detect concentrations of molecules and ions in the blood and adjust muscle contractions accordingly.

Why does countercurrent flow maximize oxygen exchange in internal fish gills?

Countercurrent ensures that there is an oxygen gradient along the entire length of the gill lamellae.

What is the mechanism, which maximizes gas exchange by the movement of water over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood called?

Countercurrent flow

Which of the following organisms protect their gills in branchial chamber?

Crustaceans Mollusks

Which of the following organisms protect their gills in branchial chambers?

Crustaceans Mollusks

Of the following types of gas exchanges, which is least efficient?

Cutaneous respiration

Evolutionary strategies for maximizing gas diffusion include which of the following?

Decreasing distance for gases to travel Increasing the surface area for diffusion Increasing oxygen concentration difference

Which of the following are the major chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases?

Emphysema Asthma Chronic bronchitis

Which of the following are part of hemoglobin?

Fe atom Heme

Evolutionary strategies for maximizing gas diffusion include which of the following?

Increasing the surface area for diffusion Decreasing distance for gases to travel Increasing oxygen concentration difference

Most different organisms with the types of respiratory organs they employ.

Insects - Tracheae Echinoderms - Papulae Fish - Complex gills Adult amphibians - Skin and lungs Birds - Lungs

How does the formation of carbonic acid in red blood cells help an animal maintain homeostasis?

It lowers the concentration of CO2 in blood allowing more CO2 to diffuse from surrounding tissues.

In a person with hypothermia (clinically low body temperature), what do you think would happen to the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin?

It would increase

Which of the following conditions provides the most powerful stimulus for breathing in mammals?

Low pH; high CO2

What are the effects of emphysema?

Lungs become less elastic Air passages constrict so the person cannot fully exhale Breathing takes significantly more energy

Match the gas in air with its approximate concentration.

Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Carbon Dioxide - less than 1%

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude?

Pressure decreases as altitude increases

According to Fick's law, what variables are important in the diffusion of a gas across cellular membranes?

The difference the gas' partial pressure on both sides of the membrane The thickness of the membrane

What limits the size of organisms that rely entirely on oxygen diffusion from the environment (and not on a transportation/exchange system of any kind)/?

The rate of oxygen diffusion

How do mammals achieve enormous surface areas in their lungs?

Their lungs are packed with millions of alveoli.

Which of the following is true about gas exchange in the anatomical dead space?

There is no gas exchange.

Which of the following statements about the membranes across which gas exchange in animals occurs is true?

They are always surrounded by water.

Which of the following are disadvantages of external gills?

They are easily damaged. They require large energy expenditure in order to be constantly moved.

How do invertebrates maximize diffusion?

They maximize the surface area for diffusion They decrease the distance over which gases travel They maximize delta-p in Fick's Law

What is the purpose of respiration?

To supply oxygen to body cells for synthesis of ATP and eliminate carbon dioxide that is produced by that reaction.

Gas exchange in all cells involves in the movement of gases

across cellular membrane

Gas exchange in all cells involves the movement of gases

across cellular membranes

Myoglobin oxygen reserves are used

after the hemoglobin oxygen reserve is exhausted

Multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface in mammalian lungs are called ______.

alveoli

The lungs of mammals contain millions of tiny sacs clustered like grapes, though which gas exchange occurs. Theses tiny sacs are called

alveoli

The mammalian lung has enormous surface area because it is packed with millions of _______.

alveoli

The portion of the tidal volume that is contained in the tubular passages (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) where no gas exchange occurs is called the _______ ________ space.

anatomical dead

The portion of the tidal volume that is contained in the tubular passages (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) where no gas exchange occurs is called the ________ ________ space.

anatomical dead

In birds, air is forced in and out of the lungs with the help of

anterior and posterior air sacs

A condition characterized by smooth muscle contractions in bronchioles which can result in difficulty in breathing and wheezing is called _______.

asthma

Smooth muscle contractions in bronchioles which can result in difficulty in breathing and wheezing is a condition known as:

asthma

The formation of ______ ions in the red blood cells removes large amounts of CO2 from the plasma - in this way a _____ of CO2 is maintained allowing more and more CO2 to move into the blood from the surrounding tissues.

bicarbonate gradient

The formation of ______ ions in the red blood cells removes large amounts of CO2 from the plasma - in this way a ______ of CO2 is maintained allowing more and more CO2 to move into the blood from the surrounding tissues.

bicarbonate gradient

The formation of _______ ions in the red blood cells removes large amounts of CO2 from the plasma - in this way a ______ of CO2 is maintained allowing more and more CO2 to move into the blood from the surrounding tissues.

bicarbonate gradient

Signs of lung cancer include coughing and especially coughing up ______.

blood

Inhaled air moves down the trachea and into two branched tubes called the _____ that lead to each lung.

bronchi

The two tubes that branch from the trachea and lead to each lung are known as the

bronchi

Tubes in the lungs that branch from the bronchi and end in the alveoli are called ________.

bronchioles

Carbon dioxide lowers the pH of blood by combining with water to produce ______ acid which dissociates into a ______ ion and a proton.

carbonic bicarbonate

Carbon dioxide lowers the pH of blood by combining with water to produce ______ acid which dissociates into a _______ ion and a proton.

carbonic bicarbonate

The mantle cavity of mollusks

contains the gills opens to the outside

Neurons in the respiratory control center stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to ______. When those neurons stop producing impulses, the inspiratory muscles ______ and air is exhaled.

contract relax

Neurons in the respiratory control center stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to _______. When those neurons stop producing impulses, the inspiratory muscles ______ and air is exhaled.

contract relax

Neurons in the respiratory control center stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to _______. When those neurons stop producing impulses, the inspiratory muscles _______ and air is exhaled.

contract relax

Typical symptoms of lung cancer tumors are

coughing coughing up blood

Due to the ______ flow of blood and water in the gills, _____ diffuses from water into blood along the entire length of the gills.

countercurrent oxygen

In bird lungs, the flow of blood and the flow of air are

crosscurrent

The process of exchanging gases across the skin is called _____ respiration.

cutaneous

The process of exchanging gases across the skin is called _______ respiration.

cutaneous

After the lungs are inflated with air, the external intercostal muscles and the _______ relax and recoil back to their original positions as an animal ______.

diaphragm exhales

Mammalian lungs are inflated when the ______ and the external ______ ______ simultaneously contract, increasing the chest cavity and thereby decreasing the gas pressure within them and allowing air to flow in.

diaphragm intercostal muscles

Gases move across cellular membranes by ______.

diffusion

In multicellular animals most of the cells are not in _____ contrast with the external environment, therefore those animals have to rely on specialized systems for transport and exchange of gases.

direct

In multicellular animals most of the cells are not in ______ contract with the external environment, therefore those animals have to rely on specialized systems for transport and exchange of gases.

direct

In multicellular animals most of the cells are not in _______ contract with the external environment, therefore those animals have to rely on specialized systems for transport and exchange of gases.

direct

A curve that shows the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation as a function of the oxygen partial pressure is known as a oxyhemoglobin _______ curve.

dissociation

Consider two breathing cycles in birds - cycle I is composed of inhalation I and exhalation I and cycle II follows immediately with inhalation II and exhalation II. Air taken in during inhalation I is returned to the atmosphere during _______ _______ (answer with inhalation/exhalation and I/II).

exhalation II

In addition to the diaphragm, the volume of the lungs in mammals is increased during inhalation with the help of the

external intercostal muscles

The pleural cavity is very small and filled with ______; this causes the two pleural membranes to adhere, effectively coupling the lungs to the _____ cavity.

fluid thoracic

The pleural cavity is very small and filled with ______; this causes the two pleural membranes to adhere, effectively coupling the lungs to the _______ cavity.

fluid thoracic

The maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin is ______.

four

The maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin is _______.

four

Diseases of the lungs usually lead to restricted ______ exchange.

gas

Oxygen is attached to the iron atom in the _____ of hemoglobin, while CO2 is attached to the _____ protein.

heme protein

Because in whole blood most of the oxygen is bound to the protein ______, more oxygen can be transported than in blood plasma.

hemoglobin

In contrast to hemoglobin, hemocyanin is usually found as a free protein in the _______ of arthropods and some mollusks.

hemolymph

Because it has ______ affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin, myoglobin provides oxygen in muscles after the oxygen reserves in hemoglobin have been depleted.

higher

Because it has ________ affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin, myoglobin provides oxygen in muscles after the oxygen reserves in hemoglobin have been depleted.

higher

The two-way flow of air during the ventilation of mammalian lungs is less efficient that the flow in birds, because

in two-way ventilation fresh and exhaled gases mix

As blood coming from the systemic circulation enters the lungs and moves through them, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

increases

When certain muscles in the body of mammals contract, the volume of the lungs ______. This creates ______ pressure relative to the outside air and draws air in to fill the lungs.

increases negative

When certain muscles in the body of mammals contract, the volume of the lungs ________. This creates _______ pressure relative to the outside air and draws air in to fill the lungs.

increases negative

In hemoglobin, oxygen binds to an atom of ______, while in hemocyanin, the oxygen-binding atom is ______.

iron cu

Within the ______ of the gills of fish are numerous capillaries, all oriented with blood flowing in the same direction, from the oxygen-poor vessel to the oxygen-rich one.

lamellae

Exhalation in mammals requires

less energy than inhalation.

A terrestrial organism with gills would

lose a significant amount of water through evaporation across the surface of gills

During hyperventilation, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood becomes abnormally ____. During hypoventilation, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood becomes abnormally ____.

low high

Breathing in a mammal will be strongly stimulated by a combination of ___ pH and ____ concentration of CO2 in the blood.

low high

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 into H20 and CO2 in the ________, and the conversion of H2O and CO2 into H2CO3 in _______.

lungs tissues

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 into H2O and CO2 in the _____, and the conversion of H2O and CO2 into H2CO3 in _____.

lungs tissues

Match the organisms to the level of mixing of fresh and oxygen-depleted air that occurs in their respiratory system.

mammals - fresh air is mixed with oxygen-depleted air birds - fresh air is never mixed with oxygen-depleted air

In living things, gas exchange always involves the movement of gases across a ______.

membrane

In living things, gas exchange always involves the movement of gases across a _______.

membrane

Oxygen is bound to which of the following components of respiratory pigments?

metal

Respiratory pigments are proteins containing one or more _____ atoms in their cores, to which oxygen binds.

metal

The traditional units used for measuring atmospheric pressure are

mmHg

In _____ pressure filling, lungs fill with air because the pressure in the lungs is lower than that of the atmosphere.

negative

During inhalation, neurons in the respiratory control center are producing impulses; during exhalation, neurons of the respiratory control center are

not producing impulses.

How many polypeptide chains does myoglobin have?

one

In birds, air flows in ______ direction(s) through the ______, while in mammals, air flows in ______ direction(s) through the alveoli.

one parabronchi two

In birds, air flows in ______ direction(s) through the _______, while in mammals, air flows in ______ direction(s) through the alveoli.

one parabronchi two

In birds, air flow in ______ direction(s) through the ______, while in mammals, air flows in ______ direction(s) through the alveoli.

one parabronchi two

In mammals, to oxygenate the blood in the lungs,

one cycle of inhalation and exhalation is(are) needed.

In contrast to mammals, air in birds flow in

one direction through the parabronchi

In hemoglobin

oxygen attaches to the Fe atom in the heme, while carbon dioxide attaches to the protein portion

Match different compartments in the mammalian body to the partial pressure of oxygen in them. All the given numbers are mm Hg.

oxygen depleted blood returning from systemic circulation - 40 alveoli - 105 fully oxygenated blood leaving the lungs - 100

Respiratory pigments such as hemoglobin facilitate transportation of

oxygen in the blood

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is influenced by other factors such as

pH temperature

In mammals, the thoracic cavity is lined with a thin membrane that aids in lung ventilation. This membrane is called the _______ ______ membrane.

parietal pleural

When each individual gas found in the air is considered separately, we can calculate the _____ pressure of that gas.

partial

The individual pressure of each gas found in air is known as its

partial pressure

The percent of hemoglobin molecules that are in the form of oxyhemoglobin is known as the

percent oxyhemoglobin saturation

Hemoglobin can bind oxygen and has a red color; therefore we refer to it as a respiratory _______.

pigment

The space enclosed between the visceral and parietal membranes (which line the lungs and the thoracic cavity, respectively) is called the _______ cavity.

pleural

In _____ pressure breathing, air is forced in the lungs, similar to filling a balloon with air.

positive

Although it is almost imperceptible, gases in the air exert ______ on surfaces, including the bodies of animals.

pressure

Although it is almost imperceptible, gases in the air exert _______ in surfaces, including the bodies of animals.

pressure

Respiratory flow that is created in some fish by opening the mouth during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills is known as ______ ventilation.

ram

Respiratory flow that is created in some fish by opening the mouth during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills is known as _______ ventilation.

ram

The production of respiratory flow in some fish in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills is called

ram ventilation

The most common effect of respiratory disease is

reduced gas exchange

The most common effect of respiratory disease of

reduced gas exchange

The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals are called _____ _____ because they have a color.

respiratory pigments

The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals are called ______ ______ because they have a color.

respiratory pigments

The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals are called ______ _______ because they have a color.

respiratory pigments

The percent of hemoglobin molecules in blood cells which are in the form of oxyhemoglobin constitute the percent oxyhemoglobin ________.

saturation

In mammals, ______ detect the pH and CO2 concentration of blood and interact with the ______ control center to regulate the rate and depth of ventilation by the lungs.

sensors respiratory

Blood pH and temperature can _____ the hemoglobin curve, optimizing the unloading of O2 in the tissues.

shift

Blood pH and temperature can _______ the hemoglobin dissociation curve, optimizing the unloading of O2 in the tissues.

shift

In cutaneous respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the ______.

skin

The bronchioles are

smaller tubes that branch from the bronchi and end in alveoli

Emphysema cases are usually the result of _______.

smoking

In order to meet the needs of a multicellular organism, its transport and exchange systems require very large _______ ______.

surface area

In order to meet the needs of a multicellular organism, its transport and exchange systems require very large _______ _______.

surface area

In order to meet the needs of every cell in a multicellular organism, transport and exchange systems are typically characterized by their very large

surface area

In fish, blood vessels run the length of filaments, with oxygen-poor blood traveling through

the incoming vessels along one side of the filament, and oxygen-rich blood returning through the outgoing vessel along the other side

When Fick's law is applied to gas diffusion through a membrane, Δp refers to

the pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane

In the lungs, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes

the reaction H2CO3 -> H2O+CO2

The respiratory system that involves diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide directly into and out of cells at the fluid-filled tips of branching tubes is

the tracheal system of insects

In humans and other mammals, the outside of each lung is lined with

the visceral pleural membrane

The oxygen reserves in hemoglobin can be heavily used

to maintain life for 4-5 minutes if breathing or heart pumping are interrupted during exercise

In vertebrates, the cartilaginous tube that branches into the bronchi is the

trachea

Respiration in birds occurs is ______ cycle(s) - air inhaled during one cycle is exhaled during the ______ cycle.

two next

Respiration in birds occurs in _______ cycle(s) - air inhaled during one cycle is exhaled during the _______ cycle.

two next

Gas exchange membranes in animals are always surrounded by

water

Gas exchange membranes in animals are always surrounded by ________.

water

Lungs are better suited for gas exchange in air as they move air through branched tubular passages, thus minimizing the loss of _______.

water


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