Ch 5 &6 Nutrition
People with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes amy experience excessive thirst, frequent urination, a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dl, and breath with a fruity smell. These are all signs and symptoms of__
Ketacidosis
Non modifiable risk factors for CVD include
-Fam history of CVD -Increasing age
___is a drug, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body?
Alcohol
Individuals with metabolic syndromes are @increased risk for developing
Cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes.
Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?
Dairy
What are the probable causes of hyperactivity?
Environmental factors & genetic factors
Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains
Fructose & glucose
The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are __in water
insoluble
Thrombus- Embolus-
-A fixed bunch of clots that remains in place & disrupts blood flow -a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed & travels through the blood stream.
Match the following descriptions with the correct polysaccharide: A long, straight chain of glucose units- A highly branched chain of glucose units-
-Amylose -Amylopectin
Sources of refined carbohydrates
Donut, candy, apple pie
Most dietary ___are complex carbs. comprised of moonosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest
fibers
Which of the following are trad.l symptoms of diabetes?
Blurred vision, extreme thirst, frequent urination
Which foods have a low to moderate glycemic index?
Carrots, raw apples, low fat milk
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the Als?
Choose fiber-rich fruits Choose veggies CHoose whole grains
Dietary changes that can benefit a patient w/ metabolic syndrome include
Decreasing intake of saturated fat. Reducing salt intake
Alcohol will contribute to ___b/c it causes a person to lose fluid. This will result in impaired performance.
Dehydration
A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl doesn't have a risk for atherosclerosis:
F
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
Fructose
Individuals w/ type 1 diabetes have 2B treated w/ which approach?
Insulin
Which statement is true about how an emulsifier works?
Isolates individual fat droplets & prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules
The condition that occurs when bacteria & food particles become trapped in diverticula is called
diverticulitis
In order to manage their blood glucose levels, Type 1 diabetic patients always require__
insulin
What is another name for fructose?
Levulose
Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of
fat as triglycerides
Chain fatty acid is defined as
fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length
Dietary fats in food are often composed of
fatty acids
___is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot b modified
genetics
___is a chronic condition that is charcaterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed
hypertension
Fatty acids are always saturated
False
Cholesterol >=240- LDL cholesterol <100mg /dL- HDL cholesterol >/=60 mg/dL - Triglycerides of 150-199mg/DL
-High risk -very low risk -Low risk -Borderline high risk
What are some common signs of brain damage that can occur in the heavy drinker?
-Memory loss -Confusion
What are the causes of confusion & memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?
-Neurons shrink -Brain develops structural abnormalities -Alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages
Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following?
-diabetes -obesity -heart disease
Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
-elevated LDL cholesterol -elevated triglycerides
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
-excess body fat -Type 2 diabetes -Tobacco use -Hypertension
The 4 major classes of lipoproteins are
-very low density lipoproteins -high density lipoproteins low density lipoproteins -chylomicrons
List the steps of development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage & ending with a heart attaci
1-Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2-Plaque is deposited @ the site of initial damage 3-As plaque accumulates , arteries harden, narrow,& loose elasticity 4-Pressure in artery increased 5-Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads 2 a heart attack.
Progression from an artery to an atherosclerotic one by ranking
1-artery has smooth lining 2-cells w/in the wall deposit cholesterol & other substances 2 repair damage & inflammation 3-Plaque roughens the surface of the artery & slows flow , making clots more likely 2 form 4-clots & plaque block the artery completely
The bodys preference for using nutrients for energy
1. Carbs 2. Protein
Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal
1. Eating a meal 2. Elevated blood glucose 3. Insulin released from the pancrease 4. Blood glucose lvl returns to normal
What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule
Contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids
What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?
Converted to fat. Converted to glucose
For the general population, egg consumption___incraese the risk of cardiovascular disease
Does not
What are the structural components of triglyceride
Glycerol backbone. Three attatched fatty acids
Combining __with pain-reliviers like acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage
alcohol
Aspartame is an alternative sweetner made of two ___ acids (phenylanine and aspartic acid) and methanol
amino
Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?
apple
Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from
atherosclerosis
Symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during (.)'s of low blood sugar called __
hypoglycemia
The nutrient that contributes to rich flavor, smooth texture, and the appetizing aroma of food is __
lipid
Fats & cholesterol are __, a class of nutrients
lipids
Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ___and in the __
liver & muscle
Hypoglycemia is a __blood glucose level
low
Straining due to constipation can result in the small rectal veins becoming swollen, making them likely to bleed and cause discomfort and itching. These cluster of veins are called__
hemmorrhoids
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
Consuming ___amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen & decreases platelet stickiness
light
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?
monosaccharide
High-fiber diets may lower your risk for__
obesity
Salmon, flaunder, walnuts & canola oils are all examples of
omega-3 fatty acids
Safflower, corn, soybeans, & cottonseed oils are all rich in ___fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol , LDL, & HDL cholesterol.
polyunsaturated
A ___ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place & disrupts blood flow.
thrombus
A __ is a lipid that has 3 fatty acids attatched to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
triglyceride
Hemorrhoid are swolllen rectal veins that cause itching, discomfort, and/ bleeding
true
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
You would be at incraesed risk of heart disease if ___
your father was diagnosed with CVD b4 55 years old
WHat are some characteristics of an alcohol dependent person?
-They experience withdrawal symptoms -They develop tolerance to alcohol
Free fatty acids- Chylomicron remnant-
-absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform in2 triglyceride or storage or use -removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
Describe the digestion & absorption of alcohol
-alcohol requires no digestion
What are the causes of confusion & memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers
-brain develops structural abnormalities -alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages -Neurons shrink
Glcogenolysis- Lipolysis- Lysis-
-breakdown of glycogen -breakdown of fat -breakdown of something
By reading the nutrition facts panel you can determine how much ___are in most packaged foods
-cholesterol -saturated fat -trans fat -total fat
Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose: Insulin- Glucagon-
-decrease blood glucose -increase blood glucose
Abstainer- Light- Moderate- Heavy-
-less than 12 drinks/year -1 to 13 drinks/ month -4 to 14 drinks/week -3 or more drinks /day
Aspartame- Saccharin- Sucralose-
-nutrasweet and equal -Sweet'N low -splenda
Lipoproteins carry diff amounts of
-protein -phospholipids -cholesterol
What are some signs of alcohol dependency?
-shakiness -increased tolerance
Alcohol poisoning can result in death due to
-slowing of the heart rhythm -aspirating vomit & chocking
Place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest
1. Black beans ( 1 cup) 2. Kellogss's All-Bran cereal (1/2cups) 3. Baked potato skin 4. Almonds ( 1 ounce)
According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide __% to __% of total calories in the diet
45; 65
Type 2 diabetes can occur
@any age
What is an emulsifier?
A compound that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds to mix with each other
Which of the following nonnutritive sweetners are currently available in the food supply in the U.S.?
Aspartame, acesulfame-k, neotame
(Glycemic index x Grams of ___)/100=Glycemic load
Carbohydrate
The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues & 2 the liver is ___
HDL
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?
Heart, kidneys, eyes
Scientists studied a rural African pop. that rarely developd colorectal cancer until they adopted a western diet. What did they consume that may provide this reduced risk for colorectal cancer?
High-fiber intake
Phospholipids contain a __portion, which attracts water, amd a __ portion which repels water
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin w/ an __system disorder, which causes destruction of the __-producing cells in the __
Immune, insulin, pancreas
Which of the following are true about alternative sweetners?
Includes Sugar alcohols such as xiitol, mannitol, and sorbitol. Substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories.
Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids
Increasing the surface area of the lipid, forming a micelle, keeping lipids dispersed in small particles
Choose the body parts that r most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis
Legs, kidneys, eyes
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body
To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body To provide energy.
Why is sugar often added to foods?
To increase the browning of food. To improve food tenderness. To serve as a preservative
__fats prod.'d during the hydrogenation process closely resembles the structure of __fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
Trans; saturated
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
Triglycerides & cholesterol
What type of diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity?
Type 2
___which is often called "hardening of the arteries ", is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries
arteriosclerosis
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin -producing cells in the pancrease called_____cells.
beta
The primary function of carbs in the body is to provide ___for all cells.
energy
Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many _____ units bonded together.
glucose
Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose
The monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures is ___
glucose
__is also known as dextrose or blood sugar
glucose
Peanuts, oils, canola oil, olives, almonds& alvocados are rich in :
Monounsatuarted fat
Compared to butter, solid margarine has
More unsaturated fat, more trans fat, less cholesterol
The total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in most packaged foods can be determined by reading the ______ ______ panel.
Nutrition facts
Which statement is true abt essential fatty acids
Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential
___is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Pancreatic lipase
___fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
Saturated
Food labels are not required to provide info about which of the following.
Soluble fiber
Which of the following are ex's of polysaccharides?
Starch, fiber & glycogen
Type 1 diabetes
cannot be prevented
Which macronutrients provide 4 kcal per gram
carbs
The hormones that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancrease to release digestive enzymes is called
cholecystokin
Symptoms of alcoholic poisoning include?
confusion, bluish complexion, becoming comatose
Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to
convert liquid oils into more solid fats
In which food category is galactose typically found?
dairy
Sugar alcohols are used in ___
diabetic candy, sugar-free gum & breath mints
Some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils contain high amounts of __fats
saturated
Structurally, a trans fat resembles a __
saturated fatty acid
Reactive hypoglycemia is more likely to occur after a meal high in__
simple sugar
Examples of the complex carbohydrates include
starch
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
statins
___fat is a layer of fat under the skin that stores energy, insulates the body against cold temp, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours
subcutaneous
Identify names of sugars that may b found in foods
sugar, molasses, honey
List in order from 1-3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine
1-Fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2-cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum
What is added to food to improve the food's tenderness, contribute to browning, & serve as a preservative?
Suagr
Since their body has less water, more alcohol remains in their bloodstream....
Women
Which statement in true?
Women are more prone to the alcohol impairement when compared to men
A person with slow breathing, pale skin, & who can't b aroused might b suffering from ___ poisoning
alcohol
A waist circumference greater than or equal to __inches for men and __inches for women is considered too large and is a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome
40; 35
Match the dietary change with its outcome as a way to lower risk for cardiovascular disease Eat rich sources of fiber- Avoid sucrose & fructose- Drink small amounts of alcohol-
-Reduces LDL cholesterol -Decreases triglyceride levels -Raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
Alcohol
-Supresses the production of ADH by the pituary gland -Causes the kidney to excrete more urine
Protein- Carbs- Alcohol-
-The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids -The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids -Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue
When an alcoholic consumes a considerable portion of their energy as alcohol?
-They incraese their risk of malnutrition -they displace nutrient dense foods from their diet
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
-fam history -increasing age -male sex
Steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system
1-Absorption of glycerol, monoglyceries, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2-Triglycerides are reassembled 3- Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4- Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
The diuretic effect of alcohol is to ___the excretion of body water
increase
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water & are not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called
insoluble fiber
Cis fatty acid- Trans fatty acid-
-Causes the carbon chain to bend -allows the carbon chain to remain str8ter
Ketone bodies- Ketoacidosis-
-Chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown -condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones
A(n) __is some1 who abuses alcohol, buthas control over his/her intake & does not have a powerful craving for the drug nor suffers withdrawal symptoms. This person may experience probs @home,work, & school associated with their drinking habits?
Alcohol abuser
What are possibile agencies to contact for help with alcohol abuse?
Alcoholics anonymous & Al-anon
Besides heart disease, which of the following are conditions that may result from long-term, uncontrolled blood glucose?
Amputations. Kidney failure. Blindness.
What helps enhance digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?
Bile salts
One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease & stroke
Cardiovascular
An individual w/ an acceptable total cholesterol lvl may stil b @ risk for athersclerosis . What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment
LDL cholesterol & HDL cholesterol
Milk & dairy prods are major food sources of __(a disaccharide)
Lactose
What American pop's are @ a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?
Latino, african americans, native americans
Which of the following are traits of medditarean diet?
frequent physical activity, drinking one glass of wine a day, using heart-healthy unsaturated fat
How many kcal are in one gram of fat
9
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
Maple syrup & carrots
The adequate intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men (ages 19-50 yrs old) is __g/day and the AL of alpha-linolenic acid for women (ages 19-50 yrs old) is __g/day
1.6; 1.1
What is the criterion fasting blood glucose above which an indiv is diagnosed as diabetic?
126 mg/dl
The dietary guidelines for americans 2005 recommend that added sugars should not exceed 8 teaspoons per day for a 2000 kcal diet. How many teaspoons per day does the avg American eat?
22 tsp
What is the recommended Adequate Intake Level of fiber for women?
25 g/day
When consuming a 2000 kcal diet the daily value for carbohydrates is
300 grams
__ is a common ex. of a phospholipid
Lecithin
Lipoproteins r water-soluble structures that transport __ through the bloodstream
Lipids
Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?
Liver, pancreas
What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?
Lose excess body fat
__,or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded 2gether
Maltose
Which of the following are sugar alcohols?
Mannitol, sorbitol & xylitol
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are sometimes called complex carbs. They are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together.
Women are more likely to experience gestational diabetes during their pregnancy if
They have elevated blood pressure. They have a fam history of type 2 diabetes. Are chronically overweight
What are some ways you can reduce fat intake?
Trim fat, steam meats & choose lean meats
A sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid
True
The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel
True