CH 5 Equal rights

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Among the laws passed in the 1960s and 1970s that gave women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting which of the following?

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job sexual discrimination in access to financial credit sexual discrimination in higher education

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that blacks ______ be allowed to use public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must

Strict-scrutiny test

presumes the law is unconstitutional unless government can provide a compelling basis for it

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

First large and well-organized promotion of women's rights

1848 in Seneca Falls, New York

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95%

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

Asian Americans women Catholics

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on

the nature of the job. the performance of a particular employee.

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

De facto discrimination

De facto discrimination

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

Which amendment passed at the end of the war granted African American men the right to vote?

Fifteenth

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Pueblo Navajo

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line.

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers. Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

be college educated. have a high median income.

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

Affirmative action

deliberate efforts to provide full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas for traditionally disadvantaged groups

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

De jure discrimination

discrimination based on law

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

equal access to the opportunities society provides the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to public facilities

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

fewer than 1 million.

Equal-protection clause

forbids states from denying equal protection to citizens

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of _______ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender-based

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

holding high-level political office holding the top position in corporations

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

Reasonable-basis test

inequalities are allowed when they are "reasonably" related to a legitimate government interest

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

Fifteenth Amendment

right to vote extended to men of color, but not women

Nineteenth Amendment

right to vote extended to women

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_____" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Civil liberties

specific individual rights

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

Equal rights (civil rights)

the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

Segregation in the schools:

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) banned forced segregation in schools •Little change to segregation seen 15 years later •Supreme Court encouraged busing as a solution to segregation—a highly controversial approach, with mixed results •With an end to racial busing in 2007 and white flight to the suburbs, schools have become less racially diverse

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

educational institutions employers

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples the right to keep their jobs regardless of their sexual orientation

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

women minorities

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults

Before 1965:

•Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 granted blacks the vote •Blacks were disenfranchised by whites-only primaries, rigged literacy tests, and poll taxes •In the mid-1940s the Supreme Court declared that whites-only primary elections were unconstitutional •Twenty-Fourth Amendment in 1964 outlawed the poll tax •Two years later, the Supreme Court banned literacy tests