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69) To establish ownership of a written, recorded, performed, or filmed creative work, it is necessary to apply for and be granted a patent.
Answer: FALSE
72) Antitrust laws in the United States and other countries are designed to combat restrictive business practices and to discourage competition.
Answer: FALSE
78) The TRIPs agreement requires signatory countries to protect against acquisition, disclosure, or use of trade secrets "in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices." TRUE
Answer: FALSE
85) Denmark ranks highest in bribery as listed by the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) by Transparency International in 2014.
Answer: FALSE
86) If an American businessperson pays a Russian customs agent a $20 cash "processing fee" to avoid delay in leaving Russia, the businessperson has violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).
Answer: FALSE
38) When a company invents a product or service, it should have a right to defend its creativity with intellectual patents. However, there are some countries like Italy and China where piracy and copyright violations are common. How can a corporation prevent this by having some built-in measures in products and services?
Answer: Individuals or companies sometimes find ways to exploit loopholes or other unique opportunities in patent, trademark, and copyrights. A company should take measures to protect itself from such piracy situations. For many of the technological products, certain codes can be built into the software program such that it is self-destructive or becomes inaccessible for those who would like to use piracy. One of the sure safe methods is to make the product or service of such a quality that it becomes very difficult or expensive for anyone to copy. One such example can be seen in the formulas of Coke and Pepsi beverages. The product has special features and it is distributed so cheaply such that there is no money left for the counterfeiters. Similarly, packages and containers can be made in such a way that it will become expensive or otherwise technologically impossible to copy. For example, in China, Budweiser cans have fluted edges that are difficult to manufacture. Thus, there can be some inherent qualities or manufactured processes which can make it difficult, if not impossible, to duplicate.
68) Patents and trademarks that are protected in one country are protected in another, so global marketers must ensure that patents and trademarks are registered.
Answer: FALSE
60) A proposed merger between two Swiss-based global pharmaceutical companies, Ciba-Geigy AG and Sandoz AG, would be subject to review by regulators from which of the following? A) European Commission B) UN Conference on International Trade Law C) International Chamber of Commerce D) International Court of Justice E) none of the above
Answer: A
18) Some observers believe global market integration is enriching national economic sovereignty.
Answer: FALSE
19) The high level of political risk currently evident in Russia can be attributed in part to excessively low taxes on business operations.
Answer: FALSE
26) What type of international disputes would be taken before the International Court of Justice? A) disputes between two nations B) disputes between two companies C) disputes between a company and a nation D) disputes between a citizen of one country and a company from a different country E) disputes between profit and non-profit organizations
Answer: A
3) Any company doing business outside the home country should first carefully study the ________ in the target country. A) political culture B) nationalization C) political risk D) jurisdiction E) sovereignty
Answer: A
30) In West Africa, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are former French colonies, while Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana are former British colonies. Based on this information, which of the following would be correct? A) Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are civil-code countries, while Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana are common-law countries. B) Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are common-law countries, while Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana are civil-code countries. C) West Africa, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are the only common-law countries. D) All the West African nations mentioned are likely to be civil-code countries. E) All the West African nations mentioned are likely to be common-law countries.
Answer: A
40) In a recent case, Revlon sued United Overseas Limited (UOL) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for breach of contract. UOL countered by asking the court to dismiss the claim since they are not operating in that area. Revlon cited the presence of a UOL sign above the entrance to the offices of a New York company in which UOL had a 50-percent ownership. The court dismissed UOL's claim. This is an issue related to : A) jurisdiction. B) antitrust. C) dilution of equity. D) bribery and corruption. E) intellectual property.
Answer: A
41) A formal legal document that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specified period of time is known as a: A) patent. B) copyright. C) trademark. D) trade secret. E) trade dress.
Answer: A
42) Engineers at a company in a developing country study an American computer chip design, copy it, and produce identical chips that are then sold to local computer makers. What form of intellectual property has been wrongly appropriated? A) patent B) copyright C) trademark D) trade secrets E) technological
Answer: A
49) Companies such as Caterpillar have been unable to protect critical innovations in Japan because:. A) products very similar to those made by U.S. companies can be patented without fear of infringement. B) the Japanese government enforces strict control over infringement rights for security reasons. C) inventions that are based on software can be easily downloaded. D) U.S. patent laws now harmonize with those in the EU as well as Japan. E) patents in Japan are broader than those in the United States.
Answer: A
55) Which of the following statements is correct? A) The Paris Convention protects patents, the Berne Convention protects copyrights. B) The Paris Convention protects copyrights, the Berne Convention protects patents. C) The Berne Convention and Paris Convention are different names for the same thing. D) Neither the Berne Convention nor the Paris Convention is concerned with intellectual property. E) The International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property is different from the Berne Convention.
Answer: A
63) OPEC can be considered as a "cartel" which is a group of separate companies that collectively: A) sets prices, controls output, or takes other actions to maximize profits. B) dictates how other countries should use their products. C) produces more products in order to beat the competition. D) conducts activities that are considered illegal in the United States. E) works on forming a union against management of other companies.
Answer: A
90) Italy recently introduced the Reguzzoni-Versace Law which is intended to regulate trade in textiles, leather, and footwear. All of the following statements pertaining to the law are correct except: A) at least four stages of production should occur in Italy for the product to be labeled as "Made in Italy." B) the countries in which the remaining production stages took place must be identified. C) Brussels objected on grounds that the law conflicts with restrictions provided by the European Union. D) EU regulators view the law as "protectionist." E) the law is more stringent than the existing laws where only one production stage has to occur in the country of origin.
Answer: A
37) What are the differences between a patent, trademark, and a copyright? What is meant by counterfeiting?
Answer: A patent is a formal legal document that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specified period of time. Typically, this invention should be a new, novel, and/or non-obvious creation. On the other hand, a trademark is defined as a distinctive mark, motto, device, or emblem that a manufacturer affixes to a particular product or package to distinguish it from goods produced by other manufacturers. A copyright establishes ownership of a written, recorded, performed, or filmed creative work. Counterfeiting is the unauthorized copying and production of a product. An associative counterfeit, or imitation, uses a product name that differs slightly from a well-known brand but is close enough that consumers will associate it with the genuine product. The worst form of counterfeiting is known as piracy, which is the unauthorized publication or reproduction of copyrighted work. Counterfeiting and piracy are particularly important in industries such as motion pictures, recorded music, computer software, and textbook publishing. The United States in particular has a vested interest in intellectual property protection worldwide since it is home to many companies which have patents, trademarks, and copyrighted materials.
39) Nippon Paper Industries was found guilty in a U.S. court of conspiring with other Japanese companies to raise fax paper prices in the United States under the antitrust laws. What are the implications of such a law, and how does it affect international business?
Answer: Antitrust laws in the United States and other countries are designed to combat restrictive business practices and to encourage competition. Agencies such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, Japan's Fair Trade Commission, and the European Commission enforce antitrust laws. According to some legal experts, the pressures of global competition have resulted in an increased incidence of price-fixing and collusion among companies. The Sherman Act of 1890 prohibits certain restrictive business practices, including fixing prices, limiting production, allocating markets, or any other scheme designed to limit or avoid competition. The law applies to the activities of U.S. companies outside U.S. boundaries, as well as to foreign companies conducting business in the United States. Nippon Paper Industries was found guilty in a U.S. court of conspiring with other Japanese companies to raise fax paper prices in the United States. The Japanese government denounced the U.S. indictment as a violation of international law and Japan's sovereignty. A U.S. federal judge struck down the indictment, ruling that the Sherman Act does not apply to foreign conduct. However, a federal appeals court reversed the decision.
10) After Fidel Castro took power in Cuba in 1959, his government seized control of American property without paying compensation. Coca-Cola, DuPont, Texaco, and dozens of other American companies have filed claims against Cuba seeking financial settlements. Which of the following terms most specifically describes the action Castro took against these companies? A) nationalization B) confiscation C) expropriation D) internationalization E) deportation
Answer: B
2) Despite the positive publicity, the phrases used to describe the arbitrary exercise of state power in Russia include all of the following except: A) state capitalism. B) political culture. C) renationalization. D) kleptocracy. E) managed democracy.
Answer: B
4) Categories of political risk listed by EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) include all of the following except: A) war. B) political turmoil. C) bureaucracy. D) corruption. E) crime.
Answer: B
45) In many parts of the world, sales of unauthorized videos of Hollywood movies cost the movie studios billions of dollars. When illegal copies of movies are made, what form of intellectual property has been wrongly appropriated? A) patent B) copyright C) trademark D) trade secrets E) down loading
Answer: B
48) The company receiving the most U.S. patents in 2013 was: A) Samsung Electronics. B) IBM. C) Microsoft. D) Canon. E) Panasonic.
Answer: B
50) Research in Motion (RIM), a Canadian company which markets BlackBerry Messenger, is very popular with politicians and business people because it offers advance encryption that provides data security. This can be a disadvantage for some countries because: A) it is too complex to understand. B) governments use strict control for security reasons. C) the software can be easily downloaded. D) the accessibility is very poor. E) there is competition from local manufacturers.
Answer: B
51) Uber's rapid growth is an example that the ________ is gaining traction. A) digital technology B) collaborative consumption C) ride sharing D) transport convenience E) tourism
Answer: B
58) As part of their alliance relationship, Northwest Airlines and KLM Royal Dutch set air fare prices jointly and coordinate flight schedules. Normally, such behavior would be considered harmful to competition, but the U.S. government has granted the two airlines special exemptions from laws concerning: A) intellectual property. B) antitrust. C) jurisdiction. D) licensing. E) arbitration.
Answer: B
8) What do value added taxes (VAT) encourage in countries such as China? A) They make trademarks and copyrights more valuable. B) They result in cross-border shopping and smuggling. C) They make it harder to bribe officials. D) They protect companies from antitrust scrutiny. E) Global companies refrain from offering bribes.
Answer: B
20) If a foreign company is taken over by the host country government, and some form of compensation is paid, "confiscation" has occurred.
Answer: FALSE
83) The United States has more lawyers than any other country in the world and is arguably the most litigious nation on earth. This is a reflection of: A) the lack of class action lawsuits. B) the low-context nature of the American culture. C) the lack of spirit of confrontational competitiveness. D) the fact that lawyers cannot undertake cases on contingency fee basis. E) the fact that conflicts arise more in the United States.
Answer: B
the "soul-pleasing rumble" produced by its motorcycles. What type of protection is Harley-Davidson seeking? A) copyright B) trademark C) license D) patent E) trade dress
Answer: B
11) The governmental action to dispossess a foreign company or investor is known as: A) compensation. B) confiscation. C) expropriation. D) internationalization. E) nationalization.
Answer: C
25) Located in The Hague, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the judicial arm of the: A) United States. B) European Union. C) United Nations. D) Netherlands. E) United Kingdom.
Answer: C
32) Any western country doing business in Malaysia or the Middle East should have an understanding of: A) the French Civil Code. B) Anglo-Saxon common law. C) Islamic law. D) the Uniform Commercial Code. E) Roman law and the Napoleonic Code.
Answer: C
43) Counterfeiting is: A) the use of a formal legal document for illegal purposes. B) the ownership of a written, recorded, performed or filmed creative work. C) the unauthorized copying or production of a product. D) the use of a product name that has different meaning than the original brand. E) the use of a distinctive mark of a brand that is no longer producing the original brand.
Answer: C
47) In accordance with GATT, new U.S. patents are granted for a period of ________ years from the filing date. A) 10 B) 17 C) 20 D) 27 E) 30
Answer: C
5) Bureaucracy is listed as a political risk category by: A) BERI (Business Environment Risk Intelligence). B) PRS Group. C) EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit). D) WTO (World Trade Organization). E) OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation).
Answer: C
53) In 2005, representatives from several wine regions in the United States and the EU signed a Joint Declaration to Protect Wine Place & Origin. In addition, a Wine Accord signed by the United States and EU bans the: A) use of alcohol in public places. B) purchase of wine from country of origin. C) misuse of place names by marketers of wine products that do not originate in those places. D) misuse of labels which does not include the origin of ingredients. E) use of word "champagne" on wine made in the United States.
Answer: C
61) Which of the following actions were approved both by the Antitrust Review in the EU as well as in the United States? A) acquisition of Honeywell (U.S.) by GE (U.S.) B) joint venture between music businesses of EMI group (Great Britain) and Time Warner (U.S.) C) merger of Sony Music (Japan) and BMG (Germany) D) merger of WorldCom (U.S.) and MCI (U.S.) E) British Airways (U.K.) and American Airlines (U.S.)
Answer: C
64) Which of the following best describes the legal basis for protection of trade secrets, patents, and copyrights in the United States? A) Trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are protected by federal statutes. B) Trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are protected by state law. C) Trade secrets are protected by state law, while patents and copyrights are protected by federal statutes. D) Trade secrets are protected by federal statutes, while patents and copyrights are protected by state law. E) Trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are not protected by any laws.
Answer: C
67) The following criminal penalties may be imposed for violations of the FCPA'S (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act) antibribery provisions except: A) corporations are subject to a fine of up to $2,000,000. B) officers, directors, stockholders, employees, and agents are subject to a fine of up to $100,000. C) fines imposed on individuals can be paid by their employer or principal. D) the fines may be much higher, up to twice the benefit sought by the defendant. E) in addition to fines, there may be imprisonment for up to five years.
Answer: C
89) A company stands a better chance of having an international arbitration award upheld if its home-country government has signed: A) the Paris Convention. B) the Prague Convention. C) the New York Convention. D) the Vienna Convention. E) the Geneva Convention.
Answer: C
28) The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is fully adopted by all U.S. states except: A) Virginia. B) North Dakota. C) Wisconsin. D) Louisiana. E) Montana.
Answer: D
29) The German civil-law tradition prevails in all of the following countries except: A) Poland. B) Hungary. C) Czech Republic. D) Scandinavia. E) Germany.
Answer: D
31) Islamic law is a comprehensive code based in part on: A) Anglo-Saxon common law. B) Roman law and the Napoleonic Code. C) the Uniform Commercial Code. D) the Koran. E) the French Civil Code.
Answer: D
46) Which of the following would constitute a copyright violation? A) manufacturing and selling illegal videocassette copies of "Spiderman 2" B) manufacturing and selling illegal copies of Levi "501" jeans C) printing and selling illegal copies of Harry Potter books D) A, B, and C are copyright violations. E) A and B are copyright violations.
Answer: D
56) Which of the following is true about protection of computer software? A) Copyright laws protect both the actual code and the idea embodied in the code. B) Patent laws protect both the actual code and the idea embodied in the code. C) Patent laws protect the actual code, while copyright laws protect the idea. D) Copyright laws protect the actual code, while patent laws protect the idea. E) License protects both the actual code and the idea embodied in the code.
Answer: D
57) Which of the following is true about revised U.S. patent laws? A) Patents are valid for 17 years after the patent is granted. B) Patents are valid for 17 years after the patent is filed. C) Patents are valid for 20 years after the patent is granted. D) Patents are valid for 20 years after the filing date of the application. E) Patents are valid as long as the product is manufactured.
Answer: D
23) India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Korea, and Japan have common-law jurisdictions.
Answer: FALSE
33) "Sharia" and "haram" are important concepts in civil-code laws, which are commonly practiced in Middle Eastern countries.
Answer: FALSE
65) The U.S. Justice Department objected to a recent patent license agreement between S.C. Johnson & Sons and Bayer AG. The antitrust unit at the Justice department objected to: A) the duration of the license. B) the amount of royalties Johnson agreed to pay. C) Bayer's attempts to circumvent FDA policies. D) the exclusive nature of the license agreement. E) the hostile arrangement between Bayer and Johnson.
Answer: D
82) When companies operate abroad in the absence of home-country legal constraints, the best choice for ethical conduct would be: A) to ignore bribery and act as if it does not exist. B) to maintain home-country ethics worldwide with no adaptations. C) to abandon any attempt to maintain company ethics. D) to have a product that is clearly superior to that of the competition. E) to adapt in varying degrees to local customs and practices.
Answer: D
1) Which of the following statements does not reflect the changes that have taken place in Russia? A) Russian shoppers spend billions each year on luxury goods, tourism, and foreign real estate. B) Affluent Russians can shop at boutiques that offer Versace, Burberry, Bulgari, and other exclusive brands. C) The Kremlin limits foreign investment in strategic industries such as oil. D) In March 2014, Putin angered the West by annexing Crimea, a region that had been considered part of Ukraine. E) Faced with a financial crisis and a test of his political will, Putin responded by blaming the protestors for Russia's problems.
Answer: E
27) What happens if a nation has allowed a case against it to be brought before the ICJ (International Court of Justice) and then refuses to accept a judgment against it? A) American Arbitration Association can be sought for justice. B) UN Conference on International Trade Law can be approached. C) International Chamber of Commerce will be another source for seeking justice. D) European Court of Justice can be approached if the country is in the European Union. E) The plaintiff nation can seek recourse through the UN Security Council.
Answer: E
44) The unauthorized publication or reproduction of copyrighted work is referred to as: A) associative counterfeit. B) imitation. C) mistake. D) trade secrets. E) piracy.
Answer: E
52) All of the following statements are true regarding services provided by Uber except: A) in Brussels, a court fines drivers who use the service B) in London and other major cities, drivers have staged demonstrations claiming unfair competition. C) regulators in Germany succeeded in obtaining a temporary injunction banning the service. D) Uber was banned in the Delhi region after a driver was accused of sexually assaulting a female passenger. E) Uber is considered as an "information-society service" in 250 cities where it operates.
Answer: E
59) The European Commission has jurisdiction over European-based companies as well as non-European ones that generate significant revenues in Europe. If Microsoft applies in Europe, the Commission has a right to all of the following except: A) it can block a proposed merger. B) it can block a proposed joint venture. C) it can approve with minor modifications. D) it can demand substantial concessions before granting approval. E) it can refer serious matters to the UN Security Council.
Answer: E
6) Various types of political risk insurance to U.S. companies is provided by: A) BERI (Business Environment Risk Intelligence). B) PRS Group. C) EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit). D) WTO (World Trade Organization). E) OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation).
Answer: E
62) Consten, a French company, had exclusive rights to import and distribute German Grundig's electronic products into France. One of the competitors started bringing "parallel imports" into France illegally, importing Grundig product bought from a foreign supplier. Which of the following does not represent an action taken by different legal bodies? A) Consten's complaint was upheld by two French courts. B) The Paris Court of Appeals suspended the judgment of the French courts. C) The Paris Court of Appeal's judgment was based on pending a ruling by the European Commission. D) The European Commission ruled against Consten on the grounds that territorial protection proved to be damaging to the Common Market. E) The European Commission ruled that German Grundig was in violation of the laws of the Common Market.
Answer: E
66) According to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores for 2014, the country which was listed as most corrupt was: A) Iraq. B) Uzbekistan. C) Chad. D) Afghanistan. E) Somalia.
Answer: E
7) The high level of political risk currently evident in Russia can be attributed in part to: A) changing of name of the country. B) changing the national flag. C) excessive loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). D) participation in the WTO (World Trade Organization). E) excessively high taxes on business operations.
Answer: E
84) Which of the following is true of the arbitration framework created by the New York Convention? A) Signatory countries can require parties to an arbitration agreement to actually use arbitration. B) Signatory countries recognize and can enforce arbitration judgments. C) There are limited grounds for appealing arbitration decisions. D) The grounds that are recognized are different than the typical appeals that are permitted in a court of law. E) all of the above
Answer: E
9) In Great Britain, the Wine and Spirit Association estimates that, on average, cars returning from France are loaded with 80 bottles of wine. This is most likely due to A) trademarks and copyrights violation. B) cross-border smuggling. C) bribes accepted by officers. D) antitrust scrutiny. E) high excise and VAT taxes.
Answer: E
94) In most of the European Union countries, the influence of regulatory agencies is pervasive. What steps will be necessary of a corporation to protect business interest and advance new programs?
Answer: Executives of companies who would like to go global should realize that the influence of regulatory agencies worldwide is getting very pervasive. One way to understand the operation and legal aspects related to business environment is to have permanent representation of the company in the country. International companies such as McDonald's, Nike, and Toyota have several people representing their interests to the European Commission. Companies hire several lobbyists to represent their interests as well as to influence the direction of the regulatory process. U.S. law firms and consulting firms also have sharply increased in number and can be seen having offices in Brussels. This way they can gain insight into EU politics and have access to its policy makers. It may also be possible to hire local people as official representatives of the companies. It is estimated that currently there are 15,000 lobbyists in Brussels representing about 1,400 companies and nonprofit organizations from around the world.
36) Explain giving examples as to why "Jurisdiction" plays an important role in global marketing?
Answer: Jurisdiction plays an important role in trade-related disputes. Two examples illustrate the importance jurisdiction plays in addressing trade-related disputes. One pitted Volkswagen AG against General Motors. After GM's worldwide head of purchasing, José Ignacio López de Arriortúa, was hired by Volkswagen in 1992, his former employer accused him of taking trade secrets. Volkswagen accepted U.S. court jurisdiction in the dispute, although the company's lawyers requested that the U.S. District Court in Detroit transfer the case to Germany. Jurisdiction was also an issue in a trade dispute that pitted Eastman Kodak against Fuji Photo Film. Kodak alleged that the Japanese government had helped Fuji in Japan by blocking the distribution of Kodak film. The U.S. government turned the case over to the WTO despite the opinion expressed by many experts that the WTO lacks jurisdiction in complaints over trade and competition policy.
81) What should a U.S. company do if competitors are willing to offer a bribe for business in a foreign country?
Answer: Managers have to realize the fact that bribery is a fact of life in world markets. It is not going to change overnight or based on how ethical the U.S. companies feel about their business. In fact, bribery payments are considered a deductible business expense in many European countries. Two alternative courses of action are possible. One is to ignore bribery and act as if it does not exist. This may be a very hard option. The other is to recognize the existence of bribery and evaluate its effect on the customer's purchase decision, in other words, treating it as just another element of the marketing mix. The overall value of a company's offer must be as good as, or better than, the competitor's overall offering, including bribe. If possible, a lower price, a better product, a better distribution system, or better advertisement/promotion can be undertaken to beat the competition. The best line of defense is to have a product or service that is superior to that of the competition, whether a bribe is included or not. Thus, a bribe should not be a factor that will sway the purchase decision.
24) The ultimate threat a foreign government can pose toward a company is seizing assets. South Korea nationalized Kia, the nation's number three automaker, in the wake of the Asian currency crisis. How does this nationalization differ from expropriation and confiscation?
Answer: Nationalization is generally broader in scope than expropriation. It occurs when the government takes control of some or all of the enterprises in a particular industry. This is recognized by international law as a legitimate exercise of government power, as long as the act satisfies a "public purpose" and is accompanied by "adequate payment." On the other hand, expropriation refers to governmental action to dispossess a foreign company or investor. Compensation is generally provided, although not often in a prompt, effective, and adequate manner. Also, it may not match with international standards. If no compensation is provided, then it is referred to as confiscation. Confiscation is generally prohibited under international law and is considered an unfair practice.
12) Affluent Russians can now shop at Versace, Burberry, Bulgari, and other exclusive brands.
Answer: TRUE
13) As the ruble's value fell through most of 2014, European firms began to feel the effects.
Answer: TRUE
14) As the ruble's value fell through most of 2014, Russian consumers rushed to change rubles to dollars and euros and to buy big-ticket items such as big-screen TVs and luxury cars.
Answer: TRUE
15) Terms like crony capitalism and kleptocracy refer to rampant corruption and bribery on the part of Putin loyalists.
Answer: TRUE
16) A Russian ban on European dairy imports has resulted in excess supplies of milk and falling prices for small-scale Lithuanian dairy producers.
Answer: TRUE
17) British Petroleum, British Airways, and Rolls-Royce were some of the companies that were privatized under so-called Thatcherite economics.
Answer: TRUE
21) If a foreign company is taken over by the host country government, and some form of compensation is paid, "expropriation" has occurred.
Answer: TRUE
22) A "civil-law country" is one in which the legal system reflects the structural concepts and principles of the Roman Empire in the sixth century.
Answer: TRUE
34) The requirement that all restaurants declare that the meat is "halal" is based on Islamic Laws.
Answer: TRUE
70) Some legal experts believe that the pressures of global competition have resulted in an increased incidence of price-fixing and collusion among companies.
Answer: TRUE
71) A key issue is global patent protection for software. Although copyright law protects the computer code, it does not apply to the idea embodied in the software.
Answer: TRUE
73) A recent rash of antitrust actions brought in the United States against foreign companies has raised concerns that the United States is violating international law as well as the sovereignty of other nations.
Answer: TRUE
74) Trade secrets are confidential information or knowledge that has commercial value, is in the public domain and for which steps have been taken to keep it secret.
Answer: TRUE
75) Nippon Paper Industries was found guilty in a U.S. court of conspiring with other Japanese companies to raise fax paper prices in the United States.
Answer: TRUE
76) Formation of a cartel like OPEC, consisting of oil-producing companies, would most likely be illegal in the United States.
Answer: TRUE
77) According to U.S. laws, there is no restriction on remittances of royalties received abroad based on the commercial negotiation between licensor and licensee.
Answer: TRUE
87) Under the Alternative Fines Act, fines imposed on individuals may not be paid by their employer or principal.
Answer: TRUE
91) Brazil is not among the emerging market countries who have signed the New York Convention.
Answer: TRUE
92) In France, laws forbid the use of foreign words such as le weekend or le marketing in official documents.
Answer: TRUE
93) Italy recently introduced the Reguzzoni-Versace Law which states that if at least two stages of production-there are four stages altogether-occur in Italy, a garment can be labeled "Made in Italy."
Answer: TRUE
80) In the United States, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is a legacy of the Watergate scandal during Richard Nixon's presidency. Administered by the Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission, the act is concerned with disclosure and prohibition. What is this law concerned with, and why is it a subject of criticism by many?
Answer: The act concerns disclosure and prohibition. The disclosure part of the act required publicly held companies to institute internal accounting controls that would record all transactions. The prohibition part makes it a crime for U.S. corporations to bribe an official of a foreign government or political party to obtain or retain business. Payments to third parties were also prohibited when they can be channeled to some related official as a bribe. Some critics of the FCPA feel strongly that this act is a sort of regrettable display of moral imperialism. The problem is the extra-territorial extension and sovereignty of U.S. law. To impose U.S. laws, standards, values, and mores on American companies and citizens worldwide is considered wrong. A second criticism of the FCPA is that it puts U.S. companies in a difficult position vis-à-vis foreign competitors. It is perceived that the act adversely affects U.S. businesses overseas. Bribes offered by non-U.S. companies are considerable and can provide a competitive advantage to other companies.
88) In December 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act. What does this law entail and how does it affect Russia-U.S. relations?
Answer: The first part of the law normalizes trade relations with Russia and Moldova by repealing Jackson-Vanik, a law dating back to mid-1970s. At that time, the Soviet Union was a non-market economy and restricted the right of its citizens to emigrate abroad. Jackson-Vanik denied most-favored-nation trading status to any country that blocked emigration rights. However, the Soviet Union broke apart in 1991, Russia has transitioned to a market economy, and today its citizens are free to travel abroad and emigrate. Moreover, Russia joined the World Trade Organization in 2012. For these reasons, Jackson-Vanik is no longer relevant. The second part of the law is concerned with civil rights issues in Russia at the present time. Sergei Magnitsky was a Russian lawyer who uncovered evidence that Russian government officials had stolen $230 million in tax payments made by the Heritage Capital Management investment firm. When Magnitsky went public with his allegations in 2008, he was arrested. The law calls for the U.S. government to identify by name Russian officials believed to be complicit in Magnitsky's death
35) In Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, it is common to see that restaurants have signs declaring that all food is "Halal." It is common that courts handle marriages, divorces, distribution of family assets, and business practices by the "Sharia" law. What are these tenets and how do they have an impact on international business?
Answer: The legal system in many Middle Eastern and some Far Eastern countries is identified with the laws of Islam. These laws are associated with "the one and only one God, the Almighty." In Islamic law, the sharia refers to a comprehensive code governing Muslim conduct in all areas of life, including business. The code is primarily derived from two sources. The first and foremost source is the Koran or the Holy Book that is a record of the revelations made to the Prophet Mohammed by Allah (God). The second source is the Hadith which is an interpretation of Koran based on the sayings and practices of Prophet Muhammad. In particular, the Hadith spells out the products and practices that are Haram (forbidden) compared to Halal (allowed). Any non-Muslim doing business in Islamic countries should be aware of the Islamic laws which have wide implications for commercial activities including advertisement and promotion.
79) For years, Coca-Cola Corporation did not enter India since the government wanted some kind of disclosure of their trade secrets. Why are trade secrets so important and what happens if a licensee or a government gains access to the licensor's trade secret?
Answer: Trade secrets, like the formula of Coke, are confidential information or knowledge that has commercial value and is not in the public or government domain. Careful steps have to be taken by those who have access to these trade secrets. Trade secrets include manufacturing processes, formulas, designs, and customer lists. To prevent disclosure, the licensing of unpatented trade secrets should be linked to a confidentiality contract with everyone who has access to the protected information. In the United States, trade secrets are protected by state law rather than federal statute. The U.S. law provides trade secret liability against third parties that obtain confidential information through an intermediary. Remedies include damages and other forms of relief.