CH 5 McGraw Hill

withdrawal symptoms of amphetamines

- Fatigue, deep sleep, intense mental depression, and increased appetite - Psychological dependency on the drug for the euphoric state or "rush" - Extensive neurological damage, especially to the frontal lobes - Cognitive and social skill deficits, apathy - Depression, emotional instability, and impulsive and violent behavior

different ways drugs affect the nervous system

- block or enhance release of neurotransmitters - block the receipt (receptor is blocked) or removal of a neurotransmitter - mimic effects of a particular neurotransmitter

why do we sleep?

- conservation of energy (hard to find food at night) - repair and restoration (reduction in activity in brain during nonREM sleep may give neurons a chance to repair themselves) - learning and memory consolidation (weaken connections among neurons to conserve energy to allow for better memory storage) - eliminating unnecessary information so that it doesn't become burdensome (reverse learning) - assists physical growth and development in children (release of growth hormones during sleep)

the value of hypnosis

- controlling pain - reducing smoking - treating psychological disorders - assisting in law enforcement - improving athletic performance

why has opioid use increased rapidly?

- cost of drugs plummeted at the same time that supply increased - new opioids are 100x more potent than heroin

effects of caffeine

- increase in attentiveness - decrease in reaction time - improvement in mood by mimicking brain chemical adenosine - too much can result in nervousness or even insomnia

Is marijuana safe?

- little evidence to show that marijuana use leads to addiction except in small number of heavy users; or that users graduate from marijuana to more dangerous drugs - however, some research has shown that there are similarities in which marijuana and other drugs such as heroin and cocaine affect the brain; impact cognitive ability negatively in the long-run; decrease production of testosterone in men

benefits of marijuana

- prevent nausea from chemotherapy - treat some AIDS symptoms - relieve muscle spasms for ppl w/ spinal cord injuries

MDMA

- produces feelings of increased energy and euphoria; empathy and connection with others - users may experience decline in memory and performance on intellectual tasks

LSD

- structurally similar to serotonin - produces vivid hallucinations, one of the most powerful mind-alternating chemicals

why do some scientists reject the notion that hypnosis is a completely different state?

- they argue that altered brain wave patterns are not enough to show a qualitative difference b/c no other physiological changes occur when ppl are in trances - little evidence that adults can recall memories from childhood accurately while hypnotized

depressant

A drug that slows the central nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly - small dose: feelings of intoxication, euphoria and joy - large dose: speech becomes slurred, muscle control becomes disjointed (making motion difficult)

meditation

A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. - repetition of mantra (sound, word, syllable) over and over again - long-term practice may improve health: oxygen use decreases, heart rate and blood pressure decline, and brain-wave pattern changes during meditation - designed to bring about an altered state of consciousness in which attention is refocused

circadian rhythm

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.

stage 3 sleep

A sleep characterized by *slow brain waves, with greater peaks* and valleys in the wave pattern(DELTA) than in stage 2 sleep. - people are *least responsive to outside stimuli* - Snoring - Occurs during earlier cycles - Least responsive to environmental stimuli - Most difficult to arouse - Somnambulism (sleepwalking/talking)

stage 2 sleep

A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a *slower, more regular* wave(THETA) pattern, along with momentary interruptions of *sleep spindles*. - makes up half of total sleep of those in their early 20s - becomes increasingly difficult to wake someone up as stage 2 sleep progresses - Slower and more regular wave patterns - Less easily aroused

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times (skips other stages of sleep)

bath salts

An amphetamine-like stimulant containing chemicals related to cathinone. - produce euphoria & rise in sociability - can produce paranoia and agitation

stimulant

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. - heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension increases (increases level of activity in central nervous system)

narcotics

Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety; they are a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins - two most powerful narcotics are morphine and heroin

dreams-for-survival theory

Evolutionary explanation produced by J Allen Hobson where information relevant to daily survival is reconsidered and reprocessed. meaning of dream is not necessarily disguised - dreams represent concerns of our daily lives (uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires) - "how-to-do-it" memories related to motor skills (waking up during REM sleep after learning something may impede our ability to remember, thus dreaming may play a role in helping us remember material that we have been previously exposed to)

activation-synthesis theory

Neuroscience theory that dreams reflect random memories being activated, which are then weaved into a story - changes in production of particular neurotransmitters during REM sleep may trigger random electrical energy that stimulates memories in the brain - brain wants to interpret the random activity that occurs while we sleep - takes into account of biological aspects of the brain

rebound effect

REM-deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than they normally would

unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled. meaning of dream is disguised by the manifest content of the dream. - activation of limbic and paralimbic regions of brain (emotional and motivational centers) during REM sleep makes theory plausible

stage 1 sleep

The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively *rapid, low-amplitude* brain waves(ALPHA). - Hypnogogic imagery - Hypnic jerks - Easily aroused

Barbiturates

a category of depressant drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment - frequently prescribed to induce sleep or reduce stress - psychologically and biologically addictive - combining with alcohol can be deadly b/c it may relax the diaphragm to such an extent the user stops breathing

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions, behaviors, and moods. includes coffee and beer.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria - rapidly absorbed in bloodstream, effects are almost immediate - produces "high" through *dopamine* : normally, when excess amounts of dopamine are released they are reabsorbed by pre-synaptic neuron (reuptake). however, when cocaine enters the brain, it blocks reabsorption of leftover dopamine, producing pleasurable sensations

Methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive, crystalline drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels and cause long-term brain damage.

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings - significant loss of REM sleep - may play a role in *sudden infant death syndrome*, where infants die during sleep

REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity - a little more than 20% of adults' total sleeping time - second half of night - heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing increase - major muscles are *paralyzed* - *dreams* are more likely to occur during this stage, when they are most vivid and can easily be remembered

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco - produces soothing effect - activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by cocaine which are highly addictive

Amphetamines

a strong stimulant, stimulates *central nervous system*. causes sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. Effects: - increased concentration and reduced fatigue - increased confidence - mood elevation - sense of energy and alertness - decreased appetite - irritability - insomnia

methadone

a synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user's biological need without providing the "high" that accompanies heroin use

hypnosis

a trance-like state that occurs when one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur - about 5-12% cannot be hypnotized at all, some 15% are easily hypnotized

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

adderall

amphetamine that college students often abuse

Vivitrol

an injection that lasts about a month; it prevents withdrawal symptoms, and it also prevents heroin from producing the positive effects that users crave if heroin is used

biological drug dependence

body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of the drug that it cannot function without it

how does sleep loss increase emotional reactivity?

by interfering with our ability to regulate our emotions (weak connection between amygdala and cingulate cortex, which is important in regulation of emotions)

waves during sleep

cycles last 90 minutes

opiates

derived from natural substances, and include morphine, codeine, and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

seasonal affective disorder

disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter/fall months and improved mood during spring/summer. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.

activation information modulation (AIM) theory

dreams are initiated in the brain's pons, which sends random signals to the cortex. different areas of the cortex that are responsible for particular waking behaviors are related to the content of the dreams (visual cortex = visual aspects; motor cortex = motion) - suggests that particular scenario is not random, but instead indicates dreamer's fears, emotions, and concerns

binge drinking

drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting (for women, it is 4)

addictive drugs

drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them

daydream

fantasies that people construct while awake - several areas of the brain that are associated with complex problem-solving become activated during daydreaming. this may be the only time of day in which these areas are activated simultaneously, suggesting that daydreaming may lead to insights into problems were are grappling with

MDMA (ecstasy or Molly) and LSD/acid

hallucinogens that affect the function of serotonin in the brain, causing an alteration in brain-cell activity and perception

why do most people believe that alcohol increases a person's sense of sociability and well-being?

initially alcohol may lead to a reduction in tension and stress, feelings of happiness, and loss of inhibition

major role of REM sleep

may play a role in learning and storying memory

the onset of REM sleep stops the release of neurotransmitters called _________

monoamines, which allows receptor cells to get rest and to increase their sensitivity during wakeful periods

sleepwalking/talking

mostly genetic, stage 3 sleep, occur more in children

Suboxone

painkiller that reduces withdrawal symptoms from heroin

psychological drug dependence

people believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living

effects of marijuana

pleasurable effects: enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation. adverse (harmful) effects: impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke.

inner speech

process of talking to and guiding oneself mentally rather than aloud

hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations) - most wide-spread used hallucinogen is marijuana

night terrors

sleep disruptions that occur during Stage 3 (nonREM stage) of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion - victims can usually go back to sleep quickly - occur most frequently in children ages 3 - 8

effects of alcohol

slows down reaction time, impairs vision and memory, interferes with concentration, dulls judgement, creates false sense of confidence, speech is slurred, processing of spatial information is diminished

hypnosis: a different state of consciousness?

some psychologists believe that hypnosis represents a different state of consciousness b/c of: - high susceptibility - increased ability to recall and construct images - acceptance of suggestions that clearly contradict reality - ppl under hypnosis show certain kinds of changes in electrical activity in the brain

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome, or crib death; cause unknown. Associated failure of synapse of nerves to activate the diaphragm

opioids

synthetic opiates made in the laboratory that are prescribed for pain relief. includes Vicodin, Percocet, fentanyl, and OxyContin.

ineffability

the inability to understand an experience rationally or describe it in words

divided consciousness theory

the theory that during hypnosis, our consciousness splits into two simultaneous components (dissociation): in one stream of consciousness, hypnotized ppl are following the commands of the hypnotist, while on another level they are acting as "hidden observers," aware of what is happening to them.

most common dreams

unpleasant/frightening experiences daily events people we know or have known wishes/desires worries/fears external sounds sexuality aggression

who are more likely to suffer from insomnia?

women and older adults, people who are unusually thin or depressed