ch. 6-7 mastering

Bone cells that are found in the endosteum and periosteum and build new bone matrix are called __________.

Osteoblasts -"osteoBlasts Build Bone."

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

opening in a bone

canal fissure foramen not fossa, its an indention

Which vertebrae type is characterized by a transverse foramina and bifid spinous process?

cervical vertebrae (CTL=order)

The long, tubular shaft of a long bone is called __________.

diaphysis -The diaphysis is primarily made of compact bone and is hollow.

Which shape of bone contains a medullary cavity and epiphyseal lines?

long

A tumor causing an increasing amount of parathyroid-hormone would cause

osteoclast activity to increase, making bones more susceptible to fractures.

The large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption are called __________.

osteoclasts

Which of the following hormones does NOT cause bone growth?

parathyroid hormone

Which type of cell is responsible for bone deposition?

Osteoblasts -"bone builders"

The hormone calcitonin causes an increase in __________.

bone deposition (increase in osteoblast) -Calcitonin causes a decrease in osteoclast activity and an increase in bone deposition, so excess calcium is removed from blood and deposited in bones.

If a fractured bone causes damage to the nutrient artery,

bone healing may take longer due to lack of O2 and nutrients.

long bone labeled

.

Place the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order from first to last.

1: formation of medullary cavity and appearance of secondary ossification centers 2: cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model 3: invasion of internal cavities by periosteal bud and spongy bone formation 4: ossification of epiphyses; hyaline cartilage remains at epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages 5: formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Which cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum?

Hyaline

Which of the following gives bone its strength and ability to withstand compression and protect?

Hydroxyapatite Crystals -made from calcium and phosphorus salts.

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of growth hormone on bones?

Increase in the rate of mitosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate increase in the activity of osteogenic cells increase in the activity of osteoclast***NOT stimulation of osteoblasts in the periosteum

Small cavities that are located between lamellae and contain osteocytes are called __________.

Luncunae

Which of the following events happens during intramembranous ossification?

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. -During intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal cells differentiate first into osteogenic cells and then into osteoblasts.

Place the steps of intramembranous ossification in the correct order starting with the earliest.

Ossification begins with: 1.osteoblasts develop from mesenchymal cells 2. osteoblast secrete an organic matrix in an ossification center. Which calcifies and trapped osteoblast become osteocytes. 3. Osteocytes lay down trabecular of early spongy bone and some of the surrounding mesenchyme differentiate into the periosteum. 4. This matrix calcifies and develops into spongy bone and later, compact bone. At the same time other mesenchymal cells develop into the periosteum surrounding the bone.

Which of the following events does NOT happen during endochondral ossification?

Osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone. **Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. NOT Secondary ossification centers develop. Osteoclasts form a medullary cavity.

Which of the following effects will not fit into the box with the question mark?

Osteoclasts resorb bone. Intestines absorb calcium. Kidneys retain calcium. Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix.***NOT

primary and secondary bone?

Primary bone has very little inorganic matrix, while secondary bone has large amounts, which contributes to its strength

Compact bone forms concentric rings that make it extremely hard and strong to..

Resist stress and protect the inner spongy bone.

The type of bone that has fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles and a higher percentage of inorganic matrix is classified as __________.

Secondary Bone -Secondary bone, also called lamellar bone, is the mature type of bone.

Which two bones have a malleolus?

TIBIA AND FIBULA -LEG

Which of the following is the last step in bone fracture repair?

The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

What can you conclude about the shared shape classification of the following bones: metatarsal, ulna, fibula, humerus, and tibia?

They are all long bones

What effects occur to the bones of astronauts who spend a prolonged period in space?

Weight-bearing exercises are minimal due to the weightlessness of space, leading to the decreased amount of compression and tension on bones and decreased osteoblast activity. LESS bone mass

know bones of hand and feet names

Which of the following is NOT a carpal bone? cuboid***lunate triquetrum pisiform Which of the following bones is not a tarsal bone? Calcaneus Cuboid Capitate** Navicular

Place the steps of longitudinal bone growth at the epiphyseal plate in the correct order from first to last.

Within the epiphyseal plate of a long bone, chondrocytes divide, enlarge and mature, and die. As chondrocytes die, the matrix surrounding them is calcified and then replaced with bone.

Appositional growth allows bones to __________.

grow in width

Which cartilage forms the epiphyseal plate?

hyaline

Which of the following would be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels?

increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney increase osteoclasts **NOT increase osteoblasts on bone

In certain diseases, osteoclast activity takes over osteoblast activity, which will cause the bone to

increase the breakdown of the ECM without it being rebuilt, leading to a weakening of the bone. -Osteoclasts are responsible for the process of bone resorption, during which they break down the bone ECM. Osteoblasts perform the process of bone deposition, during which they secrete the organic matrix and aid in the formation of the inorganic matrix. The bone disease osteoporosis is due to the inadequate inorganic matrix in the ECM.

Flat bones such as the bones of the skull form via __________.

intramembranous ossification

Bones located within tendons, such as the patella, are called __________

sesamoid -Sesamoid bones are generally small, relatively flat, and oval-shaped. They give the tendon a mechanical advantage, provide better leverage for muscles, and also reduce wear and tear on the tendon.

"breastbone"?

sternum

axial skeleton?

sternum and up not pelvis

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the skeletal system?

support blood cell formation fluid homeostasis vitamin storage***NOT

Which of these is NOT a dietary factor that influences bone remodeling?

testosterone -its a hormone

During testing of a young girl, a doctor found an elevated level of estrogen caused by a tumor. He informed the parents to expect

the young girl to show significant growth in a very short period but her overall height to be less than average. -Excessive estrogen secretion will significantly increase longitudinal bone growth, but it will also cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates.

projection names

trochanter, process, tubercle and tuberosity.