ch 6 + 7 py202

Memories formed before the age of ________ tend to be sketchy.

3

Roughly ________ people commit suicide in the United States each year?

40,000

As many as ________ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

75

The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of

ADHD

Which of the following statements is true about the different treatments for mood disorders?

Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder.

Which of the following is the most common contributor to dissociative identity disorder?

Chronic physical or sexual abuse during childhood

Which of the following somatic symptom disorders is considered to be the most dramatic due to symptoms like blindness, seizures, loss of hearing, and mutism?

Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)

Which of the following dissociative disorders is characterized by a person developing one or more distinct personalities?

DID

Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?

Depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking.

Which of the following is a treatment goal for dissociative identity disorder?

Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality

Which of the following statements is true of psychogenic amnesia?

It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.

Jans has a history of drinking heavily before going to bed. His family accuses him of kicking the dog, breaking several dishes, and being verbally abusive on several occasions. Jan recalls none of these incidents and soon begins to forget personal information as well. Jan's memory loss is most likely related to

Korsakoff's syndrome

Which of the following regarding depression among Latinos in the United States?

Latinos born in the United States have higher rates of depression than those who immigrated from other countries,

Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

Which of the following is one reason to explain why women are more likely than men to suffer from depression.

Men and women differ in how they respond to, or cope with, negative feelings.

Factitious disorders are also referred to as

Munchhausen's syndrome

Which of the following is true of organic amnesia?

Organic amnesia is caused by brain injury.

A disorder that has high comorbidity with DID is _____.

PTSD

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

People who undergo unilateral ECT experience memory problems.

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

People with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own.

The idea that dissociation is a process in which systems of ideas are split off from consciousness but are accessible through dreams and hypnosis was conceptualized by

Pierre Janet

Which of the following statements is true of the somatic symptom disorder?

Studies have shown that changes in the symptoms of people with somatic symptom disorder mirror their emotional well-being.

Which of the following best describes a problem associated with understanding suicide through research?

Suicide is relatively rare, thereby making it difficult to study scientifically.

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months.

Which of the following statements is true of suicide in adolescents and children?

The FDA mandated a warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth in 2004—the year when there was a spike in adolescent suicide rate.

According to DSM-5, which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for illness anxiety disorder?

The individual must perform excessive health related behaviors.

Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders?

The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect.

Which of the following statements is true regarding somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder?

They are new to the DSM-5.

In Hilgard's study on the "hidden observer" phenomenon, he argued that there are two modes of consciousness: the ________ mode the and ________ mode.

active ; receptive

Suicide may become more common in adolescence than in childhood for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

adolescents are generally more prone to impulsive behaviors, whereas children tend to be more cautious.

A person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder may have several alters. An alter is a(n):

alternate personality

According to Émile Durkheim, ________ suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society.

altruistic

One complication that arises in diagnosing amnesias is the possibility that:

amnesias may be faked by people to escape punishment for crimes committed.

The effects of overactivity in the ________ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

amygdala

A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called

anhedonia

Karen had a hiking accident that resulted in head trauma. She now has difficulty remembering new information. Karen's amnesia would be categorized as

anterograde

The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of

anxious distress

Which of the following is a reason an individual may develop dissociative identity disorder?

as a strategy to cope with trauma

Which of the following is NOT believed to be a reason to trigger nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)?

as a trial for suicide

Dissociative symptoms may be part of the syndrome of ________, a culturally accepted reaction to stress among Latinos.

ataque de nervios

In the treatment of somatic symptom disorder, ________ therapies attempt to determine and eliminate the reinforcements individuals receive for their symptoms, while increasing positive rewards for healthy behavior.

behavioral

To test how easy it is to create a false memory, Elizabeth Loftus designed a series of studies around

being lost at the mall

It was observed during the two world wars that many soldiers would report to have become inexplicably paralyzed or blind and therefore were unable to return to the front. Most of them seemed unconcerned about their paralysis or blindness. This phenomenon is known as

belle indifference

People with conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):

can be difficult to treat because they cannot believe the ailment is psychological.

Individuals suffering from depression with ________ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

catatonic

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on:

causal attributions or an explanation of why an event happened.

Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

changing social values

People with depression tend to show:

chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.

Herman has been diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder. He often misinterprets his bodily symptoms, which results in increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and dizziness. He states regularly, "If the pain doesn't stop soon, it will probably cause damage to the other parts of my body." Herman is most likely catastrophizing his symptoms. This maladaptive way of thinking is linked with the ________ theoretical perspective.

cognitive

Freyd and colleagues (2007) suggest that individuals who dissociate from, and forget, their abusive experiences are most likely to perform differently from other individuals in

cognitive tasks

Aaron Beck's concept of the negative cognitive triad led to one of the most widely used and successful therapies for depression, which is ________ therapy.

cognitive-behavioral

Lorna found her husband dead in their bedroom. He had been shot in the chest. After this incident, Lorna has been unable to see. Lorna is most likely exhibiting a symptom of ________ disorder.

conversion

A dissociative fugue may last for ________ or ________.

days; years

Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings are typical of individuals diagnosed with:

depersonalization/derealization disorder.

________ therapy was developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder, who frequently attempt suicide.

dialectical behavior

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

differences ind the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

Somatic symptom disorders and dissociative disorders are considered by some theorists to be the result of a psychological process known as ________, in which different parts of an individual's identity, memories, or consciousness split off from one another.

dissociation

Steven left his home abruptly without taking any of his belongings. He relocated to a nearby town. Several months later, he returned to his old home with no memory of his travel. Steven would most likely be diagnosed with

dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue.

One major difference between hypomania and mania is that the symptoms of hypomania:

do not involve hallucinations.

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the ________ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

dopamine

According to research, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where:

economic inequalities were greatest.

Three demographic factors are especially relevant to sociocultural theories of depression: cohort effects, gender, and

ethnic/racial background

Janet has been diagnosed with dissociative fugue. She is typically likely to:

experience autobiographical memory loss.

Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized by:

experiences in which the person feels detached from his/her mental processes, body, or surroundings.

Mary created an illness in her younger daughter to draw attention to herself. This is known as a

factitious disorder imposed on another.

Candice faked her symptoms to gain medical attention. She exaggerated her symptoms to the point that exploratory surgery was conducted. Candice most likely has a

factitious disorder imposed on self

In ________ therapy, patients with bipolar disorder and their families are educated about bipolar disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving skills.

family-focused

Family studies suggest that somatic symptom disorders run primarily among ________ relatives, and ________ relatives have higher rates of alcoholism.

female; male

Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by:

global retrograde amnesia associated with severe alcohol consumption.

Jamie says that he hears voices telling him to hurt himself. This type of symptom is called a(n)

hallucination

Which of the following alters found in dissociative identity disorder offers advice to the other personalities or performs behaviors the host is unable to handle?

helper

People who develop dissociative identity disorder tend to be:

highly suggestible and hypnotizable.

Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for suicide in older adults?

history of psychological problems

The personality characteristic that seems to predict suicide best is

impulsivity

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

internal, stable, and global.

More recent treatments for somatic symptom disorder include developing mindfulness and acceptance skills, acceptance and commitment therapy, and

internet-delivered CBT

Some studies suggest that ________ may be more likely than other ethnic groups to experience dissociative symptoms in response to traumas.

latinos

________ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

lithium

The biological factor most associated with suicide is:

low levels of serotonin

Which of the following groups are most likely to commit suicide in the United States?

middle aged white men

Cyclothymic disorder is a form of bipolar disorder which is less severe but

more chronic

In the case of dissociative identity disorder, patients who are able to integrate their personalities are:

more likely to remain relatively free from the symptoms and reduce medication.

It is probable that ________ percent of people who commit suicide had been suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder.

more than 90

Which of the following groups has the second highest suicide rate in the United States?

native americans

SNRIs show a slight advantage over SSRIs because they influence ________ and ________.

norepinephrine, serotonin

Martha gave birth to twins two weeks ago. She finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them. She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth. Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children. The subtype of major depression Martha is most likely suffering from is depression with:

paripartum onset

In dissociative identity disorder, an alter that inflicts pain or punishment on the other personalities by engaging in self-injurious behaviors (such as self-cutting or self-burning) and suicide attempts is called

persecutor

Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous alter found in dissociative identity disorder?

persecutor

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with

persistent depressive disorder.

Some researchers are concerned that the criteria for diagnosing somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder lump too many different syndromes together, and risk mislabeling _________ as mental illness.

physical illness

Which of the following is the most common method of suicide among women?

poisoning

Lamotrigine is used in the treatment of mood disorders especially to

prevent episode recurrence

According to the textbook, increases in gender differences with respect to depression coincide with ________ and ________.

puberty; social aspects of puberty

Ananya has dementia. It is becoming increasingly difficulty for her to remember her past. Sometimes she forgets her children's names. Ananya's amnesia would be categorized as

retrograde

Robert has an accident when he is out trekking with his friends. He cannot recall anything that happened just before slipping and hitting his head on a boulder. He most likely has

retrograde amnesia

The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder argues that what appear to be different personalities in patients are actually ________ that help deal with stresses in their lives.

roles

One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the

ruminative response styles theory.

When people with dissociative identity disorder report hearing voices talking inside their heads, they may be misdiagnosed as having

schizophrenia

According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection

sensitivity

Many studies have found a link between low levels of the neurotransmitter ________ and suicide.

serotonin

Which of the following is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

significant periods of amnesia

Recent research is beginning to study the possible impact of ________ on suicidality.

social media

Marcus spends a lot of time at his physician's clinic to deal with the pain in his abdomen. He has had several gastrointestinal tests as well as other diagnostic tests taken, but the doctors can find nothing to explain his pain. He spends much time worrying about his mystery pain is something serious. Marcus is most likely experiencing a(n) ________ disorder.

somatic symptom

When two or more completed or attempted suicides are nonrandomly bunched in space or time, it is known as a(n)

suicide cluster

The active mode in Hilgard's study referred to:

the conscious state of mind that includes a person's conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions.

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.

In which of the following countries is dissociative identity disorder diagnosed most frequently?

uSA

Which of the following is true about dissociative fugue diagnoses?

very rare

Which of the following describes a cohort effect?

when a research finds that people differ on some psychological variable depending not on their age per se, but in the era in which they were born and lived.