Ch. 6 Genetics

a: improved intelligence.

he textbook lists several research goals for current genetic research that include all of the following EXCEPT a. improved in intelligence. b. medical treatments individually tailored to an individual's DNA c. cures for cancers and other diseases. d. a better understanding of evolution.

c: gene

A _______ is a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait. a. genome b. introns c. gene d. sequence

b: two monozygotic twins.

A fertilized egg splitting into two early in its maturation results in a. a nonviable zygote. b. two monozygotic twins . c. two dizygotic twins. d. a chimera.

c: interaction

A genotype-environment ____________ occurs when a genotype responds differently to an environment. a. correlation b. differentiation c. interaction d. dialectic

d: is exposed differently to an environment.

A genotype-environment correlation occurs when a genotype ___________ a. and the environment act in parallel. b. forms a dialectic with the environment. c. responds differently to an environment. d. is exposed differently to an environment.

b: monozygotic twins reared apart.

A second way of studying heritability, other than the formula h2 = 2(rmz - rdz) is through the use of a. dizygotic twins reared apart. b. monozygotic twins reared apart. c. factor analysis. d. a quadratic analysis.

b: genotype.

A specific combination of genes is termed a(an) a. phenotype. b. genotype. c. DNA. d. allele

a: dizygotic twins.

A synonym for fraternal twins is a. dizygotic twins. b. monozygotic twins. c. allele twins. d. heterozygotic twins.

b: transact

According to the textbook, the best characterization of the nature-nurture issue is that nature and nurture _______________. That is, genes and environment can work separately, together, or they may influence one another. a. cooperate b. transact c. compete d. interact

c: physical aspects of the home environment.

All of the following are used in the textbook as examples of aspects of the nonshared environment in a family EXCEPT a. spacing of siblings. b. differential parental treatment. c. physical aspects of the home environment. d. friends.

b: serotonin

Anxiety, a risk factor for depression, involves a certain region of the _____________ transporter gene. a. dopamine b. serotonin c. GABA d. glucose

a: assumption of representativeness

Conclusions are often drawn about the relative importance of genetics based on the study of twins even for individuals who do not have a twin. Many twins, however are not representative of the average non-twin; many twins are born with low birth rate for example. This problem results from the a. assumption of representativeness. b. assumption of identicalness c. lack of care by researchers. d. eugenics assumption.

a: alleles

Different forms of the same gene are known today as a. alleles. b. gene variants. c. elementals d. alters.

d: 99.9

Every human being on the planet shares, on average, about what percentage of DNA? a. 5 b. 50 c. 75 d. 99.9

b: family coherence and psychopathy.

Examples of gene-environment are many and include all of the following EXCEPT a. adolescents' perceptions of parental warmth. b. family coherence and psychopathy. c. physical punishment and misbehavior. d. memories of childhood environment/

b: eugenics

Genetic research is feared by some people because of the excesses of the _________ movement. a. progenics b. eugenics c. epigentics d. genomics

b: a child has inherited genes that are favorable to language development but the environment he or she has been provided discourages language development.

In a negative genotype-environment correlation with regard to language development a. a child has inherited genes that are not favorable for language development. b. a child has inherited genes that are favorable to language development but the environment he or she has been provided discourages language development. c. a child has inherited genes that are favorable to language development and opportunities in the environment to practice language development but chooses not to participate. d. a child has inherited genes that are not favorable for language development and is in an environment that discourages language activities.

b: positive

In some situations parents provide a genotype to a child (such as genes that enhance language development), an environment where books an conversation are available, and the child chooses activities that are language based. The textbook labels this a_____________ genotype-environment correlation. a. consistent b. positive c. maximal d. natural

d: are reared under equal environments.

In the analysis of heritability, one potential problem in the double-the-difference method is that it assumes that twins a. do not differentially interact with each other. b. are the same sex. c. are genetically identical. d. are reared under equal environments.

a: identical twins reared apart.

In the summary chart of Twin, Family, and Adopting Correlations for Neuroticism and Extraversion, the second highest correlation for Neuroticism was found in the case of a. identical twins reared apart. b. fraternal twins reared together. c. fraternal twins reared apart. d. adoptive parents and offspring.

c: peas.

Mendel is most famous for his study of the genetics of a. cattle. b. human savants. c. peas. d. roses.

c. one trait dominates over another trait.

Mendelian inheritance is defined as case in which a. traits are crossed. b. two recessive traits dominate over a single dominant trait. c. one trait dominates over another trait. d. all inheritance patterns are known as Mendelian.

d: heritability

One measure of _____________ is to calculate the correlation (r) between twins on a given trait and compare the correlation between MZ twins and DZ twins. a. environmentality b. genetic strength c. genetic similarity d. heritability

c: can code for a particular behavior and for the social consequences of that behavior.

Research by Burt suggests that genes a. can code for a particular behavior, but not the social consequences of that behavior. b. can code for social consequences of a particular behavior, but not the behavior itself. c. can code for a particular behavior and for the social consequences of that behavior. d. can't code either for a particular behavior or social consequences.

c: gene expression.

Research has shown that people who are socially isolated are vulnerable to a host of cardiovascular and infectious diseases due to increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol. A recent study, summarized in the textbook, provides evidence that this is effected by differences in a. the genomes of individuals who are high in cortisol levels. b. diet that encourages the production of cortisol. c. gene expression. d. Mendelian inheritance.

c: 40 to 50%.

Research has suggested that the heritability of all of the big five personality factors is about a. 10 to 30%. b. 30 to 60%. c. 40 to 50%. d. 60 to 75%.

b: children at risk for antisocial behavior are more aggressive than children not at risk, and they are more likely to elicit negative reactions in their parents.

Research reported in the textbook suggests that an example of reactive-genotype-environment correlation is supported by evidence that a. more aggressive children who are raised by firm but supportive parents are less aggressive as adults. b. children at risk for antisocial behavior are more aggressive than children not at risk, and they are more likely to elicit negative reactions in their parents. c. children not at risk for antisocial behavior can exhibit considerable aggressive behavior after only one year in an aggressive family, d. certain gene variations invariably lead to increased aggression in children.

c: .40; .60

Research suggests that the heritability of personality traits ranges from ____ to ____. a. 00; .80 b. .20; .60 c. .40; .60 d. .60; .80

d: epigenetics

Results of a study reported in the textbook suggest that loneliness directly impacts immune functioning by regulating the specific genes that control it. This is an example of ___________. a. Mendelian genetics b. genomics c. protiamics d. epigenetics

d: essentially all personality variables have some degree of heritability.

Solid, replicable research findings suggest that all of the following are at least moderately heritable EXCEPT a. cognitive abilities. b. social attitudes. c. psychological interests. d. essentially all personality variables have some degree of heritability.

a: exons

The coding regions of a gene are known as a. exons b. introns c. alleles d. epigenes

d: prolonged exposure to dopamine may lead to depression.

The conclusion of the Russian study of the interaction between genotype and environment suggested that boys exposed to maternal rejection who also carried a specific variation of the DAT1 gene were more likely to be depressed after their experience. The conclusion the textbook draws from this research is that a. a variant of the DAT1 gene is the cause of depression. b. depression is a genetic disorder. c. maternal rejection is one of the causes of depression. d. prolonged exposure to dopamine may lead to depression.

c: epigenetics.

The equation used by some researchers for understanding the manifestations of complex human traits includes all of the following EXCEPT a. genotype. b. environment. c. epigenetics. d. gene-environment correlation.

a: phenotype

The manifestation of complex human traits is defined as the a. phenotype. b. genotype. c. homotype. d. gene-environment correlation.

a: introns

The noncoding regions of genes are called a. introns. b. exons. c. alleles. d. silent sequences.

d: representative placement.

The rMZA method of estimating heritability also has its limitations. Here researchers assume that the adopted families of each twin are different form one another, but twins may be more alike on a certain characteristic due to a. the impact each twin has on his or her environment. b. communication between the two families. c. selective placement. d. representative placement.

b: heritability

The term for the amount of observed individual differences in some characteristic that can be accounted for by genetic differences is ____________. a. genotype b. heritability c. inheritance factor d. gene-environment co-factor

d: behavioral genetics

The term for the study of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in personality and behavior is a. eugenics. b. evolutionary psychology. c. epigenetics. d. behavioral genetics.

a: shared

The textbook defines ___________ environment as those aspects of the family environment that are generally the same for all the children in the household. a. shared b. common c. phenotypic d. genetic

b. ss

The textbook reviews the research of Caspi, et al on men and women in New Zealand. Their results suggest that an environment with more life stressors puts a person at greater risk for symptoms of depression. However, when a person with a specific genotype __ type genes that control serotonin transport, then the likelihood of getting symptoms of depression are greatly increased. a. ll b. ss c. sl d. SlSl

c: 45; 50

The textbook suggests that the environment - both shared and nonshared - accounts for about _____ to ____% of the variance for the five personality factors discussed in the textbook. a. 10; 30 b. 25; 50 c. 45; 50 d. 50; 60

c: can be combined or synthesized.

The textbook suggests that we could view the nature-nurture debate as a "dialectic", as forces a. are in opposition to other, and eventually one point of view will prevail. b. are in different spheres of thought and therefore not related to each other. c. can be combined or synthesized. d. are synonymous; they mean the same thing.

c: the DRD2 gene and stress increasing the chance of alcoholism.

To date, interactions between genes and environment have been found to account for all of the following EXCEPT a. religious upbringing lessening the impulsiveness of high sensation seekers. b. parental bonding and family functioning decreasing emotional instability. c. close family ties increasing the level of empathy in potential psychopaths. d. the DRD2 gene and stress increasing the chance of alcoholism.

b. passive

When parents provide both the genes and an environment that is favorable to the development of those genes, we observe a(n) _____________ genotype-environment correlation. a. active b. passive c. coordinated d. coherent

a: reactive

When parents see something in a child, such as early vocalization, and respond to it with, for example, extra time vocalizing to the child, this is a ____________ genotype-environment correlation. a. reactive b. passive c. logical d. respondent

d: None of the above can be proven by a correlational study.

Which of the following relationships between two variables can be proven by a correlational study? a. Variable A causes variable B. b. Variable B causes variable A. c. A third variable (C) causes both variable A and B. d. None of the above can be proven by a correlational study.

c: The relative importance of genetics and environment varies depending on the question.

Which of the following would be the most accurate conclusion of the Finn Twin Study? a. For most significant behaviors, environment is the dominant factor. b. For most significant behaviors, genetics is the dominant factor. c. The relative importance of genetics and environment varies depending on the question. d. Modern genetic analysis makes it almost impossible to differentiate between genetic and environmental influence.

c: Two groups of cloned mice each raised under different conditions.

While it is unethical to devise an experiment in which you manipulate the lives of human twins, it is ethical to design an experiment involving mice twins. There are measures of mice personality characteristics. You can even purchase large numbers of mice that are genetically identical at conception in the form of cloned mice. You have been asked to design a study that looks at the contribution of genetics to anxiety in mice. Which design would best serve your goal? a. Random mice, raised in identical conditions b. Two groups of cloned mice raised in identical conditions c. Two groups of cloned mice each raised under different conditions d. Four groups of mice - two random, two cloned - each raised under different conditions

b: develop a technique for replacing the gene that seems to be a causal factor in the depressive behavior.

Your lab is in the process of identifying gene sequences that cause mice to behave in ways that look very much like depression. As your lab is working on positional cloning, the next step in the project will be to a. cross-breed these mice with mice who are less prone to depression. b. develop a technique for replacing the gene that seems to be a causal factor in the depressive behavior. c. clone the mouse that shows the least amount of depressive behavior. d. locate the region of the brain responsible for the depressive behavior and use transcranial magnetic stimulation to increase their activity.

b: gene environment interactions that correlate with depression

Your research has focused on the cause(s) and prevention of depression. As you are current on the literature focused on the genetics of depression, it is likely that you will be gathering data on a. genes that correlate with depression. b. gene environment interactions that correlate with depression. c. eugenic data combing environmental and genetic issues. d. the environments that correlate with depressive episodes.

b: Epigenetics

_______ is an area of research focusing on genetic, yet noninheritable means by which the environment fundamentally changes human functioning. a. Eugenics. b. Epigenetics. c. Genomics d. Exonics.

d: Environmentality

_______________ estimates the extent to which observed individual differences can be traced in any way to individual differences in environments. a. Heritability b. Phenotype c. Epigenetics d. Environmentality