CH. 6 Integumentary System

palms , soles

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands, fingers, the sides and ______ of the feet, toes, lips, and portions of the external genitalia

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are

- cold - vibration - pressure

in what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?

- fibrosis (scarring) - regeneration

10-100

The scalp normally loses between ____ hairs per day

3-5

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum

2 , 2 , 1

migration of keratinocyte from the stratum basal to the stratum corner takes about _____ weeks . the dead keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corner layer for a additional ___ week. overall, keratinocytes are present for about _____ mouth following their formation

merocrine sweat glands

most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands

stem , basale

repetitive mechanical stresses applied to the integument stimulate mitotic activity in the____ cell of the stratum___

Reticular

the ___ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers

keratin

the cell of the stratum corneum contain large amount of protein

Reticular , subcutaneous

the connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the _______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

Regeneration

the fourth step of wound healing, _______ of the epidermis occurs

epidermis , redness

First-degree burns involve only the___and are characterized by _____, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

vellus

In children, which hair type is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body?

clotting

In the first step of wound healing, blood brings _____ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site

sweat , sebacecous

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands:

thick skin

The stratum lucidum is found only in ______

True

True or False: The epidermis and dermis together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity

Perpendicular

___ cuts to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scarring

Sebum

_______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integumentary water resistant

carotene

_______ yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash

third-degree burn

skin grafting is normally necessary for ______

thermoregulation

the major function of merocrine sweat glands is _______

keratinocytes , keratin

the most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called _________

mole , melanin

A nevus is commonly referred to as a ________. It is a harmless, localized growth of ________ forming cells

Match the type of gland with its secretion/function

Apocrine - secrete proteins and lipids Merocrine - function in the thermoregulation and excretion Sebaceous - lipid material called sebum

Match the type of gland with its location

Aprocrine - axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions Merocrine - distributed throughout body Sebaceous - associated with hair follicles over much of the skin Ceruminous - external acoustic meatus Mammary - breasts

exocytosis

Aprocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of _____

matrix

At the nail root and the proximal end of the nail body, the nail bed thickens to form the nail ______

port wine , blood vessels

Cavernous hemangiomas sometimes called ______ stains involve large dermal ____ & may last a lifetime

foreign particles , small insects

Cerumen, together with tiny hairs along the ear canal, hellp trap ___ or ____ and keeps them from reaching the eardrum

cerumen

Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. Their secretion is called?

match the acne lesion with its description

Comedo - a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum Pustule - Dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria Nodule - can be prone to scarring Cyst - a fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflammed and painful, can lead to scarring

nucleus

During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles of the cells disintergrate and the cells start to die

fingerprints

Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as _______

2-4

Healing of second degree burns takes approximately _______ weeks, and slight scarring may occur

pilus

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a(n) _____

blood cot

In the second step of wound healing, a ______ forms

edges , pathogens

In the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ( ) of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of ( ) into the body.

fibroblasts

In the third step of wound healing, _______produce new collagen in the region

Corneum

In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum _____

Collagen , dermis

Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin identify the predominant orientation of ____ fiber bundles in the ____

corneum

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis

fluid , infection

Potential complications of a wound under repair include _____ loss and _____.

tactile cells

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ____

sex hormones

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by

holocrine , sebum

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ________

strata , thickness

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of epidermal _______ in the epidermis and the relative ___ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument

scalp , eyelashes

Terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the ______, and is also the hair of ______ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face

Stratum Spinosum/dermis

The _______ of the integument has immune cells

Subcutaneous

The ___________ layer is not part of the integumentary system

melanin production

The color of hair is the result of _____.

distribution of nerve fibers

The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ________

0.075-0.150

The epidermis of thin skin ranges in thickness from ___ millimetres to ______ millimetres thick

dead

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes

living , dead

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ________ keratinocytes

root

The hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair

fibroblasts , collagen

The replacement scar tissue is produced by ____ and composed primarily of ______ fibers

dead , living

The root and shaft of the hair is _____ while the bulb of the hair is ________

proteins , lipids

The secretion of apocrine sweat glands is viscous and cloudy, and composed of _____ and ____ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor

sebum , hair follicle

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called _________ is usually deposited into a __________

desmosomes

The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of ________, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together

merocrine, apocrine

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and _______ sweat glands.

Melanocytes

The ultraviolet rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called _______

thickness

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These are _______, colorations, and skin markings

True

True or False: The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure

Infection

When a person is severely burned a primary danger is______________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues

nail matrix

actively growing part of the nail

spinosum

after a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ________ and it begins to lose its ability to _________.

sudoriferous glands

are also called sweat glands

dermal papillae

contains the capillaries that supply the nutrients to the cells of the epidermis

texture , pigmentation

differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its __ and __

Collagen , elastic

in the dermis of the skin, ______ fibers impact tensile strength while _____ fibers allow some stretch

lucidum

in thick skin there is an extra layer of epidermal cell. this layer is called______

A freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity / a nevus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers

in what important way does a freckle differ from a nevus

Albinism

is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional

melanocytes

scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and are pigment producing cells called ________

epidermis , dermis

second-degree burns involve the ___ and part of the _____

collagen

the main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of _____ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer

away , conserve

the net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ______ from the periphery of the body to _____ heat

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?

- spinosum - granulosum

Match the structure of hair to their specific functions

Protection - scalp hair covers the scalp and shield it from sunburn and injury Heat Retention - blanket of thick hair on scalp Sensory Reception - Hair root plexuses Visual Identification - color and density of hairs on scalp

eleidin

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation

Decrease , less

Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels _____, so relatively _____ blood can travel through them

Vascular

drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer becomes its excessive _____ network promotes rapid absorption

friction ridges

fingerprints are useful as a forensic tool because each individual has a unique pattern of _____

collagen

the predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ____

areolar , adipose connective tissue

the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of two types of connective tissue: ____ and ___

granulation tissue

the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound

Selectively

because skin can absorb certain chemicals and block others, it is described as ______ permeable

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ________ when exposed to UV radiation

Hemoglobin

normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin and carotene

Sweat ; sebaceous

on many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ____ glands, _____ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

Mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions:

- pregnant females - lactating females