CH 6 - Socioemotional Dev in Infancy Hmwk

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? (select all that apply) Cries Frowns Smiles Expressions of disgust

Cries Smiles

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety? It disappears by 1 year of age. It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap. It peaks at about 9 months of age. It appears at about 6 months of age.

It appears at about 6 months of age.

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an __

an emotion

Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) __ cry, and a(n) )__ cry.

angry; pain

The term stranger ___ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include? Select all that apply Waiting longer to express anger Ability to distract oneself Inability to control one's emotions Expressing anger quickly

Waiting longer to express anger Ability to distract oneself

One of the main areas of focus in developmental social neuroscience is mother-infant bond, which is also called mother-infant ___

attachment

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as __

attachment

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. RESISTANT sensitive, consistent unavailable, rejecting, irritable neglectful, abusive inconsistent, unaffectionate

inconsistent, unaffectionate

In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive cross-sectional study of child care. longitudinal study of child care. experimental study of child care. case study of child care.

longitudinal study of child care.

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers. no two primary very few multiple

multiple

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of __ __ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either forward or sideways. controlled or uncontrolled. inner or outer. positive or negative.

positive or negative.

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ____ emotions.

primary

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. SECURE sensitive, consistent unavailable, rejecting, irritable neglectful, abusive inconsistent, unaffectionate

sensitive, consistent

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? He is an insecure resistant baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecurely attached baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby.

He is a securely attached baby.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include? Self-regulation Fear Sadness Discomfort Lack of inhibition Frustration

Fear Sadness Discomfort Frustration

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an trait. adaptive response. emotion. temperament.

emotion.

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through emotions. instincts. cognitions. reactions.

emotions

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control? Rothbart and Bates Chess and Thomas Kagan Watson

Rothbart and Bates

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ___ with her parents.

communicate

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ___ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ___ child.

difficult

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the short attention span of most infants. fear reactions that infants have toward strangers. difficulty of interpreting infant emotions. widely accepted evidence that jealousy appears at about 6-months of age.

difficulty of interpreting infant emotions.

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. 100,000 1 million 500,000 2 million

2 million

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include? Select all that apply Activity Anxiety Approach Smiling Inhibition Pleasure

Activity Approach Smiling Pleasure

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Freud Kagan Chess and Thomas Rothbart and Bates

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics? select all that apply Cultural influences The influence of genetic inheritance The influences of personality Goodness of fit influences

Cultural influences Goodness of fit influences

Kagan believes that ___ has both physiological and experiential bases. (Watch your spelling!)

temperment

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following? A safe environment. A good amount of time free of supervision. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

A safe environment. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. singular reciprocal personal one directional

reciprocal

An important form of reciprocal socialization is __ in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults are having more children per family. cannot receive paid leave. are having fewer children per family. prefer to continue working rather than go on leave.

cannot receive paid leave.

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ___

crying

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? guilt fear joy disgust

guilt

Insecure avoidant babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver. use the caregiver as a base from which to explore. seem dazed, confused, and fearful. cling to and then resist the caregiver.

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of effortful control. negative affectivity. extraversion/surgency. inhibition to the unfamiliar.

extraversion/surgency.

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

false

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

socialization

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. attributes heredity behaviors temperament

temperament

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. AVOIDANT sensitive, consistent unavailable, rejecting, irritable neglectful, abusive inconsistent, unaffectionate

unavailable, rejecting, irritable

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? 4-month-old Jill, who is giggling 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model? Goodness of fit Inhibition to the unfamiliar Effortful control The slow-to-warm-up child

Effortful control

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature. Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development.

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply.) It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? Neglect Food allergies Indigestion Abuse

Neglect Abuse

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age. Socialization Mutual dependence Scaffolding Reciprocity

Scaffolding

__ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

Securely

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'? Positive emotions Primary emotions Self-conscious emotions Negative emotions

Self-conscious emotions

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? (Select all that apply.) Slow-to-warm-up Unstable Difficult Easy

Slow-to-warm-up Difficult Easy

Ainsworth created the ___ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Stranger

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of __ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

Insecure avoidant babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver. use the caregiver as a base from which to explore. cling to and then resist the caregiver. seem dazed, confused, and fearful.

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___

inhibition

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.) interviews data from previous studies questionnaires trained observers

interviews questionnaires trained observers

A research study was performed in which six-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ____. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

jealousy

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. DISORGANIZED sensitive, consistent unavailable, rejecting, irritable neglectful, abusive inconsistent, unaffectionate

neglectful, abusive

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___

personality

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ____(emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ____ emotions.

positive; negative

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ___ of a person's personality. (Please watch your spelling.)

temperment

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as scaffolds. isolated actions. transactional.

transactional.

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______. up to 6 months of unpaid leave up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave up to 6 months of paid leave up to 12 weeks of paid leave

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

A securely attached baby avoids the caregiver and doesn't interact. clings to the caregiver and then resists the caregiver. uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore. frequently change their responses to the caregiver.

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

In 1992, the European Union mandated a 6-month unpaid paternity leave. 14-week paid maternity leave. 6-month paid paternity leave. 14-week unpaid maternity leave.

14-week paid maternity leave.

In general, infant fear first emerges at ___ months and peaks at about ___ months.

6; 18

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? Select all that apply Reciprocal Reflexive Synchronous Other-conscious

Reciprocal Synchronous

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood? Easy Behaviorally inhibited Difficult Slow to warm up

Slow to warm up

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? Select all that apply Somewhat negative affect Irregular daily routines Low intensity of mood Frequent crying Low activity level

Somewhat negative affect Low intensity of mood Low activity level

Which of the following are types of infant cries? The anger cry The basic cry The alarm cry The pain cry

The anger cry The basic cry The pain cry

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors? Select all that apply The brain Hormones Psychoanalysis Maternity leave Mother-infant attachment

The brain Hormones Mother-infant attachment

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child.

easy

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term lack of fit. adjustment parenting. goodness of fit. parenting challenge.

goodness of fit.

___ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Chess & Thomas Gartstein Rothbart Kagan

Kagan

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

True

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Harlow. Ainsworth. Bowlby. Freud. Erikson.

Ainsworth.

What is the close emotional bond between two people called? Assimilation Organization Accommodation Attachment

Attachment

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? (select all that apply) East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve.

East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed.

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects. Face-to-face Imaginative Role Nonverba

Face-to-face