ch 7

What factors can either reinforce or soften a child's behavioral inhibition? - inborn talent - culture - relationships with friends and teachers - birth order

- culture - relationships with friends and teachers - birth order

Our self-concept helps us to - describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves - have some parental control in our lives - follow our parents' goals for us - guide our actions

- describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves - guide our actions

Preschoolers are least likely to befriend a child who is - disruptive and demanding - agressive - a different age - advanced in theory of mind

- disruptive and demanding - agressive - a different age

Cody is upset when his parents leave him, but yet he kicks and rebels when they return. Cody is acting in an ambivalent resistant manner due to his - stubbornness - fear - happiness - anger

- fear - anger

Compared to insecurely attached toddlers, those who are securely attached tend to have which of the following characteristics? - smaller vocabularies - less distress and fear - more joy - more positive interactions with peers

- less distress and fear - more joy - more positive interactions with peers

Temperament affects the way two year old Kiley reacts to her world as well as how she would regulate her ________ functioning. - mental - parental - behavioral - emotional

- mental - behavioral - emotional

At age 2, Cole is continually saying "no" to everything his parents tell him. Which of the following characteristics is Cole exhibiting? - personality disorder - negativism - resistance to authority - independence

- negativism - resistance to authority - independence

In this video, Dr. Dunn talks about sibling jealousy. Which of the following could you do to help alleviate this?

give each child some individual attention

The conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being is called

self-recognition

What characteristics are typically first demonstrated during a child's infancy? - embarrassment - altruism - fairness - empathy

- altruism - fairness - empathy

Newborn infants have four patterns of communication through crying, which include which of the following feelings? - anger - sadness - hunger - frustration

- anger - hunger - frustration

Goodness of fit refers to the relationship between a child's personality and which of the following? - size of the extended family - educational standards - behavior of caregivers - social environment

- behavior of caregivers - social environment

If a child follows the same rule about not eating cookies until after dinner both in the presence and in the absence of his or her parents, he or she would be described as having

self-regulation

What areas of socialization are part of moral development during the toddler years?

self-regulation and conscience

Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing ______ _______.

separation anxiety

What is the difference between guilt and shame?

shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? - 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister - 7 year old Harry, who is embarrassed - 4 month old Jill, who is giggling - 4 year old Sam, who feels shame

- 7 year old Harry, who is embarrassed - 4 year old Sam, who feels shame

The first step toward compliance with social standards includes being compliant with parental ________. - requests - expectations - needs and orders - instructions

- requests - expectations - instructions

The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) found that babies tend to fall into three categories of temperament, based on which of the following characteristics? - sensitivity to sensory stimulation - joyfulness or unhappiness - openness toward new people and situations - attachment to parents and siblings

- sensitivity to sensory stimulation - joyfulness or unhappiness - openness toward new people and situations

Which vocalizations linked to smiling are typically seen in a child less than one year old? - social smiling - shrieking with laughter - visual recognition smiling - jeering laughter

- social smiling - shrieking with laughter - visual recognition smiling

Two parents are clowning around to amuse their baby, and the baby laughs because something unexpected happens. What does this reveal about the baby's cognitive development? - the child's emotions are developing at a faster-than-normal rate - the child has an unusually high IQ - the child knows what would usually be expected in that situation - the child has developed a sense of humor

- the child knows what would usually be expected in that situation - the child has developed a sense of humor

Among toddlers with a behavioral inhibition that causes them to feel afraid, some are less apt to develop social withdrawal when they become teenagers. What personality trait helps them reduce their anxiety?

shifting their attention away from things that scare them

Disorganized attachment is thought to occur in at least _____ of low-risk infants.

10%

Jonas has gained self awareness since he is able to recognize himself in the mirror. This tells us that Jonas is _____ months of age.

18 to 24

Andy is mild and somewhat negative, and he needs time to adapt to new people and situations. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Sibling conflicts can be a way of helping the child understand

social relationships

From the age of _____ months, infants begin to smile, touch, and babble with other children their own age.

6 to 12

In the United States, separation anxiety typically begins at about the age of

8 months

Cultural beliefs that influence how parents raise their children might affect the child's A. temperament B. physiological growth C. intelligence D. cognition

A. temperament

The relatively consistent and predictable way the individual babies respond to their environment is known as A. personality B. cognition C. temperament D. gender role

C. temperament

The process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society is called _______.

socialization

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding to people and situations is called

temperament

In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by

Ainsworth

The Strange Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth

Which of the following scenarios contains all of the elements of secure attachment?

Anthony is building a space station out of building blocks, while his stepmother sits near him and gazes out the window. When she gets up and leaves to see what the neighbor is doing, Anthony starts to cry. When she comes back, he reaches out for a hug.

Baby Heather smiles as she looks at the bottle that has been prepared for her. The bottle is standing on the table while Heather's mother tucks blankets into the baby's crib. Heather kicks happily as she looks away from the bottle and watches her mother, still smiling. What form of communication is Heather demonstrating? A. self-conscious emotion B. empathy C. anticipatory smiling D. collaborative activity

C. anticipatory smiling

At about what age does a child's emotional development begin to proceed according to a relatively standard sequence? A. 2 years B. 1 year C. early infancy D. 6 months

C. early infancy

Regarding temperament, infants that stay calm and immediately show interest in new stimuli are considered to be A. introverted B. high in behavioral inhibition C. low in behavioral inhibition D. slow to warm up

C. low in behavioral inhibition

During the process of emotional development, A. the sequence of events tends to vary widely, depending on the individual child B. the child already has all emotions at birth, but they reveal themselves as time passes C. new emotions develop in response to the child's experiences with new situations D. complex emotions develop from similar ones

D. complex emotions develop from similar ones

How do babies acquire temperament? A. parents teach babies to mimic their own behavior B. temperament consists of all the emotional experiences a baby has from the moment it is born C. temperament is the baby's response to numerous factors in its surroundings D. each baby is born with a unique temperament

D. each baby is born with a unique temperament

What is not fully developed at birth and continues to develop as emotions and self-regulatory capacities emerge?

temperament

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

Ainsworth created the _______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

The ______ ______ is a research procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth, in which a mother leaves her infant alone in a room or with an unknown person.

Strange Situation

When Jacob feels uncomfortable after he has done something wrong, and he refrains from doing it again, he is demonstrating having a(n) ________.

conscience

Which pattern of temperament is a child likely to have if he or she is suspicious of strangers and tends to accept new foods slowly, laugh loudly, and adjust slowly to routines?

a difficult temperament

Which of the following is true of behavioral differences between boys and girls?

a preference for sex-typed toys, such as trucks for boys and dolls for girls, appears as young as 3 months of age

A two year old who is willing to share toys and offer comfort to another is exhibiting ________ behavior.

altruistic

Gannon, who is three years old, wipes a tear from his sister's eye. This is an example of what type of behavior?

altruistic

William, an infant, is crying in a rhythmic pattern. His caregiver notices that he is forcing out extra air through his vocal cords while crying. This scenario is an example of the ______ cry.

angry

By 12 to 15 months, infants will intentionally smile at an object and then gaze at the adult's face. This behavior is called

anticipatory smiling

The Strange Situation is a procedure designed to assess _______ patterns between an infant and an adult.

attachment

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is known as _________.

attachment

The development of an enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is identified as

attachment

What factor is most likely to be associated with peer competence as a child grows into adolescence?

attachment security in infancy

Which of the following is Erikson's second stage of personality development?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating _______ attachment.

avoidant

An infant's most powerful means of communicating is through ________.

crying

Which of the following is true of research findings on the stability of temperament?

temperament is a relatively unvarying individual difference, perhaps because it is largely inborn and strongly influenced by genetics

Sergio is learning to stretch his hands and reach out for his toys and grab them to bring them closer to him. Sergio is most likely to be

between 4 and 10 months of age

The term "sex" refers to _____ between males and females.

biological differences

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment

can be different when the baby interacts with various people

A 6 month old baby giggles when the mother puts a towel over her face, while a 10 month old will laugh when trying to replace the towel back on her face. This is one way to note

cognitive development

As toddlers develop better communicative skills and social competence, they are motivated to ______ parental wishes.

comply with

Our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits, is our self-_______.

concept

A child who has developed a _______ will experience emotional discomfort about doing something wrong and be able to refrain from doing it.

conscience

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _______ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six month old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ________ child.

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

What type of attachment is a reliable predictor of later behavioral problems?

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Eight month old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ________ child.

easy

Cody notices everyone is quite at his grandmother's funeral. He responds with quiet behavior, demonstrating ______ to the people around him.

empathy

What is being demonstrated by a baby who begins crying because other babies are crying?

empathy

Children who have cultivated a secure base are more apt to _____ their environment more effectively.

explore

Eighteen month old Jesse explores and plays while her mother is in the room. Research suggests that Jesse may

feel securely attached to her mother when she is 13

The match between a child's temperament and environment is a description of goodness of _________.

fit

The way people dress, play, and move their bodies demonstrates the role that _____ plays in our lives.

gender

What it means to identify one's self as being either male or female in a psychological manner is called ________.

gender

The more secure a child's attachment is to a nurturing adult, the more likely it is that the child will develop

good relationships with others

What do researchers think might be the most important factor that determines security of attachment between a child and parents?

goodness of fit

You have two children who have been fighting a lot lately. It happens most often when your younger daughter's new friend comes over to play. Your older daughter seems to get angry due to all of the attention they get when they are together. What is one thing you could do to help this situation?

have your older daughter invite her friend over at the same time

Baby Marlow uses his mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When his mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when his mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

he is a securely attached baby

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother, is not distressed when she leaves the room, does not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

he is an avoidant baby

When they encounter a new stimulus, about 20% of infants became too aroused, and usually they cry. These infants are considered to be

high in behavioral inhibition

According to Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as infants develop trust, they gain the virtue of ______.

hope

Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust is a developmental stage that occurs

in the first 18 months of life

Identify a true statement about temperament.

individual differences in temperament form the core of a child's developing personality

A child's first altruistic behavior tends to appear naturally at about what stage in life?

infant

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral __________.

inhibition

Securely attached toddlers tend to demonstrate less fear than those who are ______ attached.

insecurely

Successful socialization is affected by both _______ and ______ factors.

internal; external

According to Laurie Kramer, which of the following is NOT a benefit of sibling conflict?

it helps children learn about others

According to R.A. Thompson (2011), which of the following is likely to occur if parents repeatedly wait before picking up and soothing a crying infant with high levels of distress?

it is likely to interfere with the infant's developing ability to regulate emotions

According to Lewis and Carmody (2008), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 15 to 30 month olds who recognize themselves in a reflection showed an increased activity of the

left temporo-parietal junction

The tendency of the toddler to shout "No!" just for the sake of resisting authority is called _____.

negativity

Which one of the following would be a cause of sibling jealousy as proposed by Dr. Dunn?

not getting enough attention from parents

When baby Jacob is placed in front of the mirror, he becomes very excited and kisses the baby. This would demonstrate Jacob's self _______.

recognition

A major foundation of early socialization is a child's ability to self-________.

regulate

Janey and her mother are sensitive and appropriate in their responses, which indicates an emotional and mental state called mutual ______.

regulation

The ability of an infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states is known as mutual

regulation

The ability to control behavior to conform to a caregiver's demands, even when the caregiver is not present, is called self-_________.

regulation

Attachment is a _______ process between the child's temperament and the parenting style.

relational

According to Ainsworth's model, a(n) _________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

A visual recognition smile is typically seen during the

second month

The Strange Situation laboratory technique revealed that the most common pattern of attachment for North American babies is

secure

When an infant protests the mother leaving but are able to effectively gain comfort when she returns, they are seen as having _________ attachment.

secure

Mothers of ______ attached babies tend to be sensitive and responsive.

securely

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

self-conscious emotions

Gender refers to

the social construction of what biological differences mean

According to Laurie Kramer's research, how do parents ACTUALLY respond to sibling conflicts?

they ignore it

Two year old Nick cries whenever he sees his father leave the room. His parents have come to you for help. You tell them

they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them

Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment found ______ main patterns of attachment among North American babies.

three

The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) identified how many main types of temperament among infants?

three

At what age do children first become noticeably more active and initiate interactions with other people?

toddler

T or F: Affection can be present even if there is sibling rivalry.

true

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ______ of attachment.

working model

Both guilt and shame are distinct emotions, and are responses to

wrongdoing