CH. 7: Mood Disorders & Suicide

Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety, and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping skills

Cognitive therapy

Aaron T. Beck's theory that depression may result from a tendency to think negatively about three areas: the self, the immediate world, and the future

Cognitive triad

Although Beethoven appears to have had a lengthy history of depressed moods, it appears that his encroaching deafness played a role in his worsening depression as he aged. If Beethoven lived today, which treatment approach might teach him to consider his beliefs about his deafness and think more rationally about his situation?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Bill, aged 7, haas severe recurrent verbal and/or physical temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation and that are not developmentally appropriate. The tantrums have become so disruptive that Bill's family has taken him to see a psychologist for evaluation. Bill may be diagnosed with a mood disorder called which of the following?

Disrupted mood dysregulation disorder

Condition in which a child has chronic negative feelings such as anger without mania

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

Double depression

Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures

Electroconvulsive therapy

Cyclothymia involves alterations between periods of hypomania and full mania

False

In comparison to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder involves which of the following?

Fewer symptoms but they may persist for many years

In talking about her experiences with bipolar disorder, Fisher commented, "You know how most illnesses have symptoms you can recognize? Like fever, upset stomach, chills, whatever. Well, with manic depression, it's sexual promiscuity, excessive spending, and substance abuse- and that just sounds like a fantastic weekend in Vegas to me!" Fisher's description of symptoms is most consistent with which of the following?

Mania

Which psychological treatment for depression focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new relationships?

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Carrie Fisher reported that she was diligent in taking her medication. How do mental health professionals view the role of medication in treating bipolar disorder?

It is essential in controlling symptoms, preventing recurrent episodes, and preventing suicide

Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether in reality they do or not)

Learned helplessness theory of depression

Combination of continued psychosocial therapy, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

Maintenance treatment

Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least two months without depression, recurrent) major depressive episodes

Major depressive disorder

Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and the inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least two weeks

Major depressive episode

Jeromy has been experiencing high levels of energy and activity, has little sleep, and is often euphoric. Jeromy's symptoms are most consistent with which of the following?

Mania

Mark's wife describes his history of extravagant buying sprees. What aspect of bipolar disorder does this illustrate?

Mania

Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders

Mania

Mark is clear that the medications are a key component of his treatment. Which statement best describes what is known about the use of medication in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

Medication not only treats the symptoms, but it also helps in preventing relapse

Condition in which someone experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time

Mixed features

Georgetta, who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, is experiencing symptoms of mania while in a depressive episode and is frantic and agitated despite her deep sadness. Georgetta is experiencing an episode with which of the following?

Mixed features

Which of the following antidepressants require that the individual taking it adhere to strict dietary restrictions?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAIs)

Bipolar disorder and depressive disorders fundamentally involve gross deviations in which of the following?

Mood

Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

Mood disorders

Which of the following symptoms might Emilie be expected to experience during people's of depression as well as periods of mania/hypomania?

Only able to sleep a few hours per night

Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair; present for at least two years, with no absence of symptoms for more than two months

Persistent depressive disorder

Manuel has been diagnosed with depression and is experiencing a hedonic. Manuel is experiencing a lack of which of the following?

Pleasure

Disorder of mood whose symptoms include physical symptoms, severe mood swings, and anxiety that cause incapacitation during most menstrual cycles, starting in the final week before the onset of menses, improving within a few days after the onset of menses, and becoming absent in the week post-menses

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

How does premenstrual dysphoric disorder compare to premenstrual syndrome?

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is more severe and results in significant impairment of function

Post-Morten psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death

Psychological autopsy

Johnson reports his first episode of depression began when he was about 15. What is known about the relationship between depression and age?

Rates of depression are fairly low until the early teens

Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter

Seasonal affective disorder

Which of the following antidepressants are the drugs of choice in treating depression and several other disorders?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

What class of drugs is currently the first choice in drug treatment of depression?

Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors

To the average bystander, a person in the full manic state is often confused with what?

A person who is high on a psychostimulant like methamphetamine

What is the appropriate lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder among the United States?

20 percent

Even in the most severe cases of major depressive disorder, the probability of recovery from the episode within one year of symptom onset may be as high as which of these?

90 percent

Among individuals with bipolar disorder, suicide is typically associated with which of the following?

A depressive episode

Which of the following did Emilie describe that is a require criterion for a diagnosis of a bipolar disorder?

Abnormally increased energy and activity

Medication used to treat depressive disorders, such as tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Antidepressant

Chronic (at least two years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

Cyclothymic disorder

Regarding the different mood disorders, which diagnosis would have symptoms with the lowest level of severity?

Cyclothymic disorder

Which specifier is most appropriate for an individual who experiences recurrent depression at particular times of the year?

Seasonal pattern

Mark has a history of delusional thoughts about his girlfriends, believing they were cheating on him. Are delusions consistent with bipolar disorder?

Yes they are; during severe episodes of bipolar disorder, psychotic features, including delusions, are possible

For an individual to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, they must have which of the following?

At least one full manic episode

For an individual to be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, they must have which of the following?

At least one hypomanic episode

Which of the following is the strongest indicator of Emilie's "marked impairment" in an important area of functioning in her life caused by her bipolar disorder?

-

When it comes to heredity and depression, genetic factors are best characterized in which way?

As more important for females than for males

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is best classified as which type of disorder?

A mood disorder

Beethoven's worry and irritability may reflect which feature of depression?

Anxious distress

Mark believes that his mother has bipolar disorder. Based on research, why is this not surprising?

Because there is a strong genetic component in bipolar disorder

According to the full diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-5 for bipolar and related disorders (not just the symptoms highlighted in the previous question), Wei Yun's symptoms are most consistent with a diagnosis of

Bipolar I disorder

Alteration of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

Bipolar I disorder

An individual who has experienced at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode may be diagnosed with which of the following?

Bipolar II

Alteration of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

Bipolar II disorder

Which of the following symptoms would indicate that an individual with major depression actually has major depression with psychotic features

Hallucinations or delusions

How does Wei Yun's negative mood state disrupt his physical functioning?

He has difficulty sleeping and constantly feels exhausted

Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders

Hypomanic episode

Some symptoms associated with various psychological disorders are summarized below. Indicate which symptom is clearly present in Wei Yun's case

Increase in goal-directed activity during positive mood swings

Alex's mother died about six months ago. Alex certainly grieved her death, but has, with time, adjusted to the loss and acknowledged the changes it produced. Alex is experiencing which of the following?

Integrated grief

Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

Integrated grief

According to learned helplessness theory, how is the depressive attributional style best characterized?

Internal, stable, and global

Therapy that focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships

Interpersonal psychotherapy

How effective is lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

Somewhat effective since, although 50 percent of individuals will show an initial reduction in manic symptoms, about 70 percent of those will relapse over a five-year period even if they remain on lithium

The primary challenge in comparing rates of mood disorders across cultures lies in assessment of which of these?

Subjective feelings

Efforts made to kill oneself

Suicidal attempts

An individual who is seriously thinking about suicide is said to have which of the following?

Suicidal ideation

Serious thoughts about committing suicide

Suicidal ideation

Johnson reports that his worst episode of depression occurred after both personal and professional setbacks. What is known about the relationship between stress and depression?

There is a strong relationship between stress and depression, and each may affect the other

Which of the following antidepressants block the postsynaptic receptors for histamine and acetylcholine and, as a result, can cause side effects by blocking receptors and causing memory problems?

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Sometimes, the negative effects of a psychological disorder impact those who are close to the patient. Which of the following is a highly negative consequence that someone close to Wei Yun may experience?

Wei Yun's girlfriend may contract a sexually transmitted infection from him

Which observation argues that clinical mania and depression are not perfect opposites on a single continuum?

While in the manic state, individuals sometimes report dysphoria and even depression