Ch. 7 Quiz

B. The teacher's tendency to ignore the child

A social studies teacher frequently ignores a quiet child in the class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus here? A. The child's restless and disruptive behavior B. The teacher's tendency to ignore the child C. Being in the social studies classroom D. The child's feelings of restlessness

A. Being in the social studies classroom

A social studies teacher frequently ignores a quiet child in the class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus here? A. Being in the social studies classroom B. The child's restless and disruptive behavior C. The teacher's tendency to ignore the child D. The child's feelings of restlessness

A. the Premack principle.

A teacher wants her class to complete a science assignment. She knows that her students are lazy and usually never submit their assignments on time. She is aware that her students always love to go on a trip to the National Aeronautical Museum. She tells the class that she would take them to the museum if they complete their science assignment. This is an example of: A. the Premack principle. B. the encoding specificity principle. C. hindsight bias. D. confirmation bias.

A. extinction

Alex tries to distract her teacher during the class by throwing erasers on the board. Alex's teacher talks to her about her misbehavior, but Alex continues to show this behavior on multiple occasions. The teacher realizes that Alex indulges in this behavior to get her attention. The teacher ignores Alex's misconduct, and soon Alex stops throwing erasers during the class. According to operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____. A. extinction B. discrimination C. sensitization D. negative reinforcement

B. A conditioned response

At the end of the day, Isaac hears a car stop in the driveway. A few minutes later, his father walks in through the side door to the house. Isaac smiles, then runs to the door to greet his father. This scene is repeated for several days. Then, one evening, Isaac runs to the side door as soon as he hears a car stop in the driveway. Isaac's behavior of running to the door when he hears the car can best be described as which of the following? A. A conditioned stimulus B. A conditioned response C. An unconditioned stimulus D. An unconditioned response

A. Self-talk strategy

Before Terrence begins a large project, he takes time to ask himself these questions: "What do I have to do?" "What can I do right now?" and "What might I need help with?" After he successfully completes the project, Terrence positively reinforces himself with such statements as follows: "Good! I did it!" "All it took was a little planning and effort. I knew I could do it!" Which of the following cognitive-behavioral strategies is Terrence using? A. Self-talk strategy B. Self-regulatory strategy C. Self-monitoring strategy D. Self-efficacy strategy

D. negative reinforcement.

Every time his students do not complete their homework, a teacher complains to the parents about the indiscipline of the students. When the students complete their homework, the teacher does not punish them. The students now complete their homework, and the teacher no longer complains to the parents. This is an example of: A. systematic desensitization. B. discrimination C. generalization D. negative reinforcement.

A. The strategy of negative reinforcement was ineffective.

Felicia is always tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class because of the lack of points. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario? A. The strategy of negative reinforcement was ineffective. B. The strategy of punishment was effective. C. The strategy of positive reinforcement was effective. D. The strategy of punishment was ineffective.

D. Variable-interval schedule

If a teacher compliments a certain student for good behavior an average of once per hour, regardless of how often the student displays the good behavior, the teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-ratio schedule B. Fixed-interval schedule C. Variable-ratio schedule D. Variable-interval schedule

C. Discrimination

Isaac runs to the door whenever he hears a car stop in the driveway during late afternoon. This is when Isaac's dad usually comes home from work. Isaac never runs to the door during the morning, and he never runs to the door if he hears a truck. Isaac's behavior can best be described as which of the following? A. Extinction B. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Desensitization

A. fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

John conducts a math quiz for his class. He awards his students a point for every second correct response they give. In this case, John is using a _____ to award his students. A. fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement B. variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement C. fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement D. variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

A. The boy

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has his locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with his friends. In this scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus? A. The boy B. Kathy's heart rate C. Kathy's attraction for the boy D. The hallway where the boy's locker is located

B. The hallway where the boy's locker is located

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has his locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with his friends. In this scenario, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. Kathy's heart rate B. The hallway where the boy's locker is located C. The boy's locker D. The boy standing with his friends

A. Classical conditioning, with spelling tests being the CS

Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having a spelling test after lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating? A. Classical conditioning, with spelling tests being the CS B. Operant conditioning, with Katy being negatively reinforced C. Operant conditioning, with Katy being positively reinforced D. Classical conditioning, with fear of failure being the UCS

A. Negative reinforcement

Mr. Billow knows that the students in his eleventh-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following? A. Negative reinforcement B. Positive reinforcement C. Vicarious reinforcement D. Punishment

B. negative reinforcement; effective

Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the classroom, helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work—in fact, she is distracting others by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used _____, and it was _____. A. punishment; ineffective B. negative reinforcement; effective C. punishment; effective D. positive reinforcement; ineffective

D. punished by her classmates.

Mr. Roberts has to step out of the class for a moment and tells Megan to watch the class. Megan is teased by her classmates for being a "goody-goody" and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Megan tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Megan was: A. negatively reinforced by her classmates. B. positively reinforced by her classmates. C. punished by the teacher. D. punished by her classmates.

D. They imitated Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.

Mr. Rojas said, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class were standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what happened to the class? A. The class received direct reinforcement. B. The class received intermittent reinforcement. C. The class received negative reinforcement. D. They imitated Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.

A. punishment

Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles when she sees Stanley poking Sharon's arm with his pencil. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used: A. punishment B. a negative reinforcer. C. a positive reinforcer. D. a schedule of reinforcement.

A. Extinction

Natalie is the class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example? A. Extinction B. Punishment C. A negative reinforcer D. The reinforcement of incompatible responses

C. A teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play.

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of negative reinforcement? A. A teacher gives gold stars to the first few students who complete an assignment during class. B. A teacher scolds John for not finishing an assignment but lets him play with the other children. C. A teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play. D. A teacher lets John play with the other children before he completes his assignment but asks him to finish it the next day.

D. generalization

Rudolph is criticized by his soccer coach for his poor performance in a game. The coach tells him that he is a poor team player. When Rudolph prepares for a game of basketball, he feels anxious because both soccer and basketball are team sports. In the context of classical conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____. A. systematic desensitization B. extinction C. discrimination D. generalization

A. systematic desensitization.

Samantha participates in a dance competition in her school. She is nervous about performing in front of a huge audience. Therefore, she practices every day in front of her family members and with her local dance group. She believes that by practicing in this manner, she would be able to get rid of her anxiety. This is an example of: A. systematic desensitization. B. higher-order conditioning. C. discriminative learning. D. prompting

D. shaping

Sarah's parents learn that she is never able to score more than 70 percent in her weekly chemistry tests. They tell her that she will be allowed to play computer games for a half hour if she scores more than 75 percent and for an hour if she scores more than 80 percent. This way, they encourage Sarah to gradually work toward a target of 90 percent. This is an example of: A. prompting B. grading C. contracting D. shaping

B. Sitting in the car

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seat belt. Now, he always buckles his seat belt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. Jonathan's decision to buy the car B. Sitting in the car C. The buzzer D. Buckling the seat belt

B. conditioned stimulus.

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is the: A. conditioned response. B. conditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. unconditioned stimulus.

A. Extinction

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother then takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of which of the following? A. Extinction B. Sensory preconditioning C. Spontaneous recovery D. Higher-order conditioning

A. Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is giving instructions.

Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior? A. Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is giving instructions. B. Marcus frequently falls asleep during class. C. Jay frequently answers questions incorrectly when the teacher calls on him. D. Maria frequently forgets to complete her homework.

A. When the teacher makes eye contact with a student and speaks in a regular tone

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions? A. When the teacher makes eye contact with a student and speaks in a regular tone B. When the teacher explains to a student in great detail why the student should stop performing an undesirable behavior C. When the teacher shouts to get a student's attention, embarrassing the student in front of the class D. When the teacher reprimands a student several hours after the student has engaged in an undesirable behavior

D. punishment

Wesley is participating in a debate. He yells at other participants and interrupts them when they speak. The teacher deducts points every time Wesley interrupts or speaks over other participants in the debate. Wesley learns that in order to get the highest score on the debate he should stop interrupting others in the debate. As a consequence, Wesley stops this behavior. In this case, _____ helped the teacher control Wesley's behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. systematic desensitization C. discrimination D. punishment

D. Samantha covers her work whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh.

Which of the following is an best example of classical conditioning? A. Alan is afraid of water because he never learned how to swim and one of Alan's friends almost drowned last summer. B. Julia develops a fear of public speaking because some of Julia's classmates snicker when she asks questions about math. C. Martin takes the long way home after school because he likes to stop at the bookstore there and browse through the comic books. D. Samantha covers her work whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh.

A. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement? A. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. B. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. C. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions. D. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly.

C. Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization? A. Henry ignores his alarm each morning, despite complaints from his mother, and usually ends up missing the school bus. B. George stops raising his hand in the classroom because the teacher usually criticizes the way he presents his answer, even when his answer is correct. C. Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight. D. Ivy, who usually never forgets to turn off the headlights of her car, forgot to turn them off because the buzzer in her car was broken.

B. Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway, where he frequently talks to his friends.

Which of the following scenarios would be the most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors? A. Whenever Sandy forgets to finish her homework, the teacher makes her stay after class to finish. B. Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway, where he frequently talks to his friends. C. Whenever Dana has a fever, her mother keeps her home from school and makes sure she gets plenty of rest. D. Whenever Joe starts a fight during recess, he has to sit in the corner of the playground while his classmates continue to play.