Ch. 8

emotional

___________ events are more easily and vividly remembered

winning the first grade spelling bee

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

emotional vivid detailed

flashbulb memories: - people remember where they were and what they were doing - highly ______, _______ and very _______

adolescence early adulthood

for older adults, memory is high for events that occurred in ________ and _____ _______

youth bias

holds that the most notable experiences of one's life, whether private or public, occur in young adulthood

flashbulb memory

memory of circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

misinformation effect

misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event

the person took himself or herself

autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

script

- conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience - Ex. going to a restaurant; playing tennis

Cabeza

- contained own-photos and lab-photos - both types activated the medial temporal lobe (episodic memories) and parietal cortex (processing of scenes) - own-photos activated prefrontal cortex (information about self) and hippocampus (recollection)

illusory truth effect

- enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation - occurs due to fluency or familiarity with the information

Bartlett's study

- had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture. repeated reproduction - over time, reproduction became shorter, contained omissions and inaccuracies - participants changed to make more consistent with their own culture

schema

- knowledge about some aspect of the environment - Ex. post office, ball game, classroom

formed

- memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being ______ - many transitions occur between ages 10 and 30

presenting misleading postevent information method

- misleading information is presented to people after an event - memory is changed to accomadate the misleading information

Hyman Study

- participants parent's gave descriptions of childhood experiences - participant had conversation about experiences with experimenter; experimenter added new events - when discussing it later, participant "remembered" the new events as actually happening

cognitive interview

- questioning technique used by police to enhance retrieval of information about a crime scene from the eyewitnesses and victims memory - four principles: mental reinstatement; report everything; change order; change perspective

weapon focus

- refers to an eyewitness's concentration on a weapon to the exclusion of other details of a crime - presence of a weapon that was fired is associated with a decrease in memory about the perpetrator, the victim, and the weapon

Loftus study

- see slides of traffic accident with stop sign - introduce MPI: yield sign - participants remember what they heard (yield sign) and not what they saw (stop sign)

source misattributions

- source monitoring error - occurs when someone does not remember where certain memories come from

script

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _______.

Lindsay's study

Misinformation Effect: - heard a story; 2 days later again with some details changed - told to ignore changes - same voice for both stories created source monitoring errors - changing voice (male to female) did not create as many errors

decreased everyday flashbulb

Neisser and Harsch Study: - details remembered, vividness ratings, and belief in accuracy was recorded for days after an event - details remembered _______ for both flashbulb and everyday memories - belief in accuracy and vividness also decreased for ___________ memories but remained high for _____________ memories

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

repeated reproduction

a method for studying memory in which participants repeatedly retrieved the same memory over time

a sequence of actions

a script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

constructive

according to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations

lineups

an identification procedure in which several individuals are presented to an eyewitness of a crime at the same time or in a sequence

source monitoring

an unconscious mental test that humans perform in order to determine if a memory is "real" and accurate as opposed to being a source like a dream or movie

multidimensional

autobiographical memories are _________ - contains spatial, emotional and sensory components

pragmatic inference

based on knowledge gained through experience

repressed childhood memory

claim that memories for traumatic events may be stored in the unconscious mind and blocked from normal conscious recall

amygdala

represents a core fear system in the human body, which is involved in the expression of conditioned fear

illusory truth effect

despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

cultural life script hypothesis

each person has a personal life story and an understanding of culturally expected events

cognitive hypothesis

encoding is better during periods of rapid change

repeated recall

eyewitnesses to a crime or other incident might recall that event dozens of times while waiting for a trial that may take place months or even years later

constructive nature of memory

memory = what actually happens + person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

autobiographical memory

memory for specific experiences fro our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

source monitoring error

misidentifying a source of memory

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

repeated viewing/hearing of event from TV, newspaper, radio and talking with others

reminiscence bump

tendency for adults over 40 to have increased or enhanced recollection for events that occurred during their early adulthood

involves making inferences

the experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

cryptomnesia

unconscious plagiarism of another's work due to lack of recognition of its original source

police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?