Ch 8 Inquizitive Confucianism, Ch 7 Inquisitive, REL101 final exam

Which of the following statements about "Twelver" and "Sevener" Shia Islam is false?

"Twelver"

Here a Muslim muezzin sings out the call to prayer from a Baghdad mosque, reminding devout Muslims to pray. In a predominantly Sunni Muslim country, how many times per day would one hear the call to prayer?

5

This cell phone video taken in Istanbul, Turkey, features the call to prayer coming from a local mosque. In a predominantly Sunni country, how many times would one hear the call to prayer each day?

5

Which of the following statements best describes how the Chinese character for "ren"—a human being and the number two—relates to its significance in the Confucian tradition?

A human being and the number two indicates that a person is only capable of developing their essential ability for benevolence and humaneness via interaction with other people.

In 750 the ___ caliphate moved the center of the Muslim world from Damascus to Baghdad, where they ruled until the Mongols overran the city in 1258.

Abbasid

Match the prophet to his interaction with the Kaaba, according to Muslim stories and tradition.

Abraham rebuilds the Kaaba after it is destroyed in the Great Floods. Muhammad cleanses the Kaaba of idols. Adam first builds the Kaaba shrine.

Wang Yangming was Neo-Confucianism's second great thinker, following more than one hundred years after Zhu Xi. Identify which of the following statements accurately reflect Wang Yangming's contributions to Neo-Confucianism.

After scrutinizing bamboo for a week, Wang Yangming was convinced that the "investigation of things" was impractical. Wang Yangming believed our heart-minds were capable of intuitively understanding the Confucian way, meaning that hours of textual education were unnecessary to becoming a sage. Wang Yangming understood "humaneness" as an expression of both our connection with other people and with the cosmos as well.

Although the Sunni/Shia structure of Islam did not develop until centuries later, an important conflict that preceded this split concerned who would lead the Muslim community after the death of Muhammad. One group pushed for Muhammad's son-in-law ____ to be leader and came to be known as the shiat Ali or ____ for short. Another group, which later came to be known as the ___, or people of the Sunna, believed that the best available person should lead the community, even if they were not related to Muhammad.

Ali, Shia, Sunnis

Which of the following statements best explains why the One Hundred Schools period of thought was such a fertile time for the development of intellectual thought and history.

As the Eastern Zhou dynasty collapsed, great warfare and social disorder spread across China for several centuries, causing people to doubt older religious solutions of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.

Which of the following statements best characterizes Muslim attitudes toward the veneration of saints?

Attitudes toward and practice of the veneration of saints varies among Muslims around the world.

Which of the following statements best describes Confucius' social status at the end of his life?

Despite a brief career as a bureaucratic advisor, Confucius died without any governmental post, surrounded only by his students.

According to the Quran, suicide missions that harm civilians are a valid military tactic.

False

As Neo-Confucianism turned the focus of Confucian practice to contemplation and self-development, it also opened up a greater space for women, declaring them "equal in all things as the moon is equal to the sun."

False

Confucianism is more of a philosophy than a religion because there are no stories of prophetic signs or supernatural events at Confucius' birth.

False

Confucius held the traditional trappings of religion with disdain, believing them to be a poison within society that kept people from focusing on developing moral behavior and producing a harmonious society in the here and now. As a result, his students were forbidden from engaging in ritual behavior to honor spirits and gods.

False

Converts to Islam must first be baptized as Muslims.

False

During Ramadan, absolutely all observant Muslims must refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and sex from dawn until sunset.

False

In contemporary Saudi Arabia, unaccompanied women are allowed to participate in the hajj.

False

In response to competition from Buddhism and Daoism for patronage, Neo-Confucianism introduced a monastic tradition that encouraged individuals to remove themselves from the Five Relationships and work selflessly for the social good.

False

In the Confucian mindset, education is a means to an end—to better employment, to a better life, to a more prestigious social position.

False

Islam's first appearance in North America was the result of immigration beginning in the early twentieth century.

False

Like Buddhism, Daoism, and other Chinese religions, Confucianism values asceticism, or the intentional denial of physical pleasures for spiritual purposes.

False

Most Muslims believe Muhammad to have been God's only prophet throughout human history.

False

Muhammad believed that "The God" who was worshipped at the Kaaba in Mecca created the universe, but was a different God from the one who had spoken through Jewish and Christian prophets.

False

The majority of Confucian ancestral veneration takes place in local temples, with the temple at Confucius' hometown of Qufu being the largest and most prestigious temple at which to make offerings.

False

Place the following events from Muhammad's career as a prophet in chronological order.

First Revelation at Mount Hira from an angel. Preaching and Persecution in Mecca. Hijra to Yathrib. Destruction of the Kaaba's 360 idols.

Of the four Sunni legal schools, the ___ School takes the most conservative approach to reading the Quran and hadith, in the sense that it prefers literalism and generally rejects analogical reasoning. It is prominent today in Saudi Arabia, where it influenced the ___ religious movement.

Hanbali, Wahhabi

Which of the following is not a logical conclusion from the concept of the Mandate of Heaven?

Heaven has selected certain families to rule and as a result any questioning or challenging of their or their descendants' rights to power is an offense to be punished.

Who hosted the first celebration of Eid al-Fitr in the White House?

Hillary Clinton

Click on the country with the largest Muslim population.

Indonesia

Which country has the largest Muslim population as measured by the number of adherents?

Indonesia

Which of the following statements best characterizes the position of Muslim feminists?

Islam is an egalitarian religion of justice that was been contorted by men to serve their purposes.

If one compares the origins of Islam with the origins of Christianity, with which figures did Muhammad share a similar role?

Jesus Constantine Paul

Complete the following statement about the hajj. This video shows Muslim pilgrims circling the ___ at the Grand Mosque in ___, the first and most iconic rite of the hajj. Pilgrims return to the Grand Mosque to perform this circumambulation again at the end of the five-day hajj.

Kaaba, Mecca

Which of the following statements best describes how Confucianists believe in bringing about social change and harmony?

Because the self is a small component of a larger web of relationships, individual transformation will create larger societal change.

Which of the following is not one of the Four Books, organized by Zhu Xi as the newly formed canon of Confucianism?

Books of Poetry

In response to Buddhism and the idea that everyone could attain realization due to one's inherent enlightened nature, Neo-Confucianism spoke of a shared original nature that made it possible for each individual to become a sage through contemplative techniques.

Buddhism, orignal nature, sage

According to the textbook, which of the following facts is the most essential for understanding the historical context of modern Islam?

By the breakup of the Ottoman empire in 1922, nearly every Muslim country on Earth was colonized by Western powers.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate reason why one might consider Confucianism a religion?

Like most westerners, Chinese adults consider beliefs in a god or some supernatural creative power as a necessary component of a religion.

The ___ refers to a period from the eight to the fifteenth centuries in what is now Spain, during which Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived together in relative harmony.

Convivencia

Which of the following statements best characterizes the trajectory of the Nation of Islam?

The Nation of Islam has increasingly moved to mainstream Sunni Islam.

Identify the influences the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) had on the development of Confucianism.

The first examinations of students in Confucian classics were held, eventually becoming the widespread Chinese civil service exam that offered students lucrative jobs in the Chinese bureaucracy. Confucius' home in Qufu became a state-sponsored shrine where emperors frequently visited to make offerings to Confucius. A Han Emperor canonized the Five Classics and made an imperial academy devoted to their study.

During the dynastic period of Chinese history, to have a prestigious role in the governmental bureaucracy an individual would have to pass an imperial examination proving their knowledge of Confucian classics.

True

Some Muslims believe that Ali was actually an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.

True

The majority of the world's Muslims are Sunni, rather than Shia Muslim.

True

Throughout the centuries, Confucianism's influence in China waxed and waned as emperors and empires variously pledged and withdrew their support and patronage for Confucianism, Buddhism, or Daoism.

True

___ Muslims believe in a hidden Imam who will one day reveal himself as a madhi (guided one).

Twelver

The Convivencia, meaning "coexistence," describes a time during which Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in relative harmony in a region conquered by the Umayyads in 711. Click the area on the map where this period occurred.

Umayyads, Spain

Which of the following statements is true about the custom of Muslim women wearing hijab?

Veiling varies considerably from person to person and society to society.

When participating in the hajj, which of the following actions are performed by Muslims as they enter into the sacred state of ihram?

announce intention to perform the hajj and ask God to accept it cut nails put on white cotton clothing comb hair

In 2008 the holy month of Ramadan began on September 1. In 2020 it began on April 23. Why does it begin on a different day from year to year?

because Islam follows a lunar cycle, rather than a solar cycle.

Sunni Muslims regard the first four caliphs as "rightly guided." Why do Shia Muslims reject the authority of three of these four men?

because Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad had personally tapped Ali to be his immediate successor

Identify the following actions as being performed or not performed on the hajj pilgrimage.

circling the Kaaba counterclockwise seven times throwing stones at Satan in Mina standing from noon to sunset at Arafat running between two hills seven times

Chen is a Confucian living in Ming dynasty China. From the perspective of the Five Relationships, Chen must give ___ to his elder brother Liu, but should give ___ to his wife Ying.

deference, benevolence

As the Quran does not offer specific guidance and rules for all situations, Muslims look to the example of the Prophet Muhammad when trying to determine right and wrong. What is the name for the accounts of Muhammad's life and sayings that have been transmitted by Muhammad's companions?

hadith

Watch this video of Muslim children reciting the Quran in Arabic. It is not uncommon for both girls and boys memorize the entire Quran. What is the title given to a boy or man who has memorized the entire Quran?

hafiz

Scholars often describe Islam as a tradition that emphasizes "orthopraxy" ("right practice") rather than "orthodoxy" ("right doctrine"). Central to these "right practices" are the Five Pillars of Islam. Identify the following practices as being either among or not among the Five Pillars.

praying five times a day going on the hajj reciting the Shahada giving alms to the poor fasting during Ramadan

Teenager Angela is getting onto the subway train in a mostly full car. She sees an empty seat, but a man sitting in the adjacent seat has spread his legs out in a wide V, covering half of each seat beside him. When Angela pointedly coughs to get his attention, the man only shrugs and says, "No law to say I can't" and drapes his arms over the backs of each chair beside him. A Confucianist would say this episode best represents a breakdown of which Confucian virtue?

ren

One of the two primary Confucian virtues, ____ is generally translated as "benevolence" or "human heartedness," meaning that one understands they live as a member of a society and acts accordingly. In contrast, ___ represents ritual propriety, social norms, and the polite rituals of everyday life.

ren, li

Yao, Shun, and Yu are known as the___ and are responsible for establishing the Chinese government, building infrastructure to protect human civilization, and initiating a tradition of rule by those who are determined worthy rather than those who arise from a regal bloodline.

three sage-kings

Which choice best describes what Confucians believe to be the role of the Three Sovereigns in Chinese history?

The Three Sovereigns descended from heaven and inaugurated Chinese civilization through teaching the Chinese how to grow crops, raise livestock, and write.

Arrange the events relate to contemporary Chinese history and Confucianism in order from earliest to latest.

China's loss of the Opium War to the British. End of national Chinese civili service exams. Founding of the People's Republic of China. Destruction of Confucian temples and religious sites during the Cultural Revolution. Government-sponsored restoration of Confucius statue.

Identify the reasons why Confucianism might still be considered an influential religion on global history, despite the fact that only 9 million individuals self-identity as Confucianists.

Confucian values spread across East and Southeast Asia, instilling Confucian values in cultures—whether or not those individuals identified as Confucianists. Confucianism provided the basis for Chinese civil service examinations for more than 2000 years. Virtually all individuals practicing "Chinese folk religion" or non-institutional Chinese religious practice engage in Confucian practices.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate reason why one might consider Confucianism as a religion, despite its lack of revelation, founder, clergy, or creed?

Confucians make offerings to their ancestors as part of filial piety, demonstrating their fundamental belief in a spiritual afterlife.

In developing solutions to the problem of social chaos evident during the Warring States period, ___ believed that an acknowledgement of one's position within society and the resulting filial obligations that came with it would lead to social harmony. In contrast, ___ believed that social harmony could be achieved through universal and impartial love, while ___ promoted strict laws and punishments which inspired fear in subjects as the means to assure social stability.

Confucians, Mohists, Legalists

Which of the following best characterizes Confucius' opinion on the Duke of Zhou ?

Confucius felt that the Duke of Zhou was an exemplar of Confucian virtues for his reverence for filial piety and the Mandate of Heaven.

When teaching the unit on Confucianism, Paul's World Religions' professor wears a red baseball hat with the words "Make China Great Again" embroidered on it during his lecture as a demonstration of course material that playfully references a recent political campaign. Identify the statements which accurately reflect how Paul's professor's hat relates to the course material.

Confucius taught his students the Five Classics, which—while heavily edited by Confucius—had existed as Chinese classics in some form prior to his study of them. In recent decades, the Chinese Communist Party has led a Confucian revival aimed at remembering China's glorious past through sponsoring public Confucian rituals and cultural events, encouraging students attend Confucian academies, and promoting Confucian values. Confucius believed that by reverting to the time-honored ways of China's ancient sage-kings, moral perfection and social harmony could be achieved.

Identify the influences the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) had on the development of Confucianism.

Confucius' home in Qufu became a state-sponsored shrine where emperors frequently visited to make offerings to Confucius. A Han Emperor canonized the Five Classics and made an imperial academy devoted to their study. The first examinations of students in Confucian classics were held, eventually becoming the widespread Chinese civil service exam that offered students lucrative jobs in the Chinese bureaucracy.

Click on the map where the Kaaba is located.

Mecca

Which Confucian thinker was the first to argue that human nature is inclined towards goodness as surely as water is inclined to flow downhill?

Mencius

Place the following events from Muhammad's early life in chronological order.

Muhammad is born to the Quraysh tribe. Muhammud's mother and father die. Muhammud's begins working for a caravan. Muhammad marries his first wife, Khadija.

From a historical perspective, Islam begins with ___, but from a traditional Muslim perspective, Islam goes back to ___.

Muhammad, Adam and Eve

Which of the following is not a transformation of the Confucian traditions seen in Neo-Confucianism?

Neo-Confucisnism incorporated Buddhisst ideas of emptiness (shunyata), arguing that all social relationships were empty of inherent existence.

Tu Weiming is associated with which form of Confucianism?

New Confucianism

Which of the following are true of New Confucianism?

New Confucians are working to develop Confucian feminism through emphasizing the mutual respect and affection inherent to the Five Relationships. New Confucians are committed to adapting the Confucian tradition to Enlightenment ideas and ideals, including liberty, rationality, and the dignity of the individual. New Confucians critique western notions of unchecked capitalism, Eurocentric chauvinism, and narcissism.

At the beginning of the early modern period, several Muslim empires were ascendant, including the ___ in the Middle East, the ___ in Persia, and the ___ in India.

Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals

In response to the rise of European Christian power, some Muslim reformers—sometimes called fundamentalists—sought to revitalize Islam by reemphasizing its glorious past. In their attempt to return their religion to what they saw as its pristine origins and purify of it of "innovations," these conservative Muslims were similar to ___.

Protestants during Europe's Reformation

Which American writer was once called the "American Confucius?"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Bashar is a Muslim but believes that the day-to-day practices of other Muslims are only external rites and that there is an inner path to knowing the reality of Allah. Bashar has sought out a master to help him find this path. Bashar is most likely a ___.

Sufi

Rabia of Basra (714-801) was famous for carrying a bucket of water and a torch. She said she wanted to extinguish the fires of hell and burn down paradise so that everyone loves God without fear of punishment or hope of reward. The story of Rabia's action is often retold by ___ Muslims.

Sufi

Which of the following definitions of tawhid, or "divine unity," is accurate?

Tawhid represents the strict monotheism of Muslim theology.

Mary is an intern at a New York City publishing house, which is planning to release a new translation of The Analects. During a planning meeting, Mary thinks back to her course on World Religions and tentatively suggests that perhaps Confucius' name should not be listed as the author. Which statement best describes why Mary might have made such a suggestion?

The Analects relates sayings of Confucius collected by his students and followers rather than written by his own hand.

What were the political and legal effects of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited immigration from China to the United States and American citizenship for people of Chinese descent.

When examined closely, Confucianism appears to be in opposition to the values one finds in European and American societies after the Enlightenment. Drag the following statements to identify them as either a Confucian or a post-enlightenment western value.

The only one who should have a say in what you do and what your future will be like is you. Social rituals and polite etiquette are to be valued as the bedrock upon which a harmonious society is built. One should always determine the appropriate action based on what is most beneficial to society, rather than what one personally desires. Because humans come into existence only through their role in society, they are obligated to engage in ritual propriety. There is no independent self apart from one's position within their family and community.

The individuals shown in this photo are engaging in what Confucian activity?

Tomb-Sweeping Day

After the attack of 9/11/2001, George W. Bush declared that Islam is a religion of peace.

True

American Muslims are more racially diverse than many other religious groups.

True

In the 2006 bestseller Confucius from the Heart, author Yu Dan presents a feel-good Confucius dedicated to self-help and self-betterment, removed from any political, social, or economic realities.

Yu Dan

___ introduced into Confucianism the idea of "the investigation of things," which is to examine everything we encounter as expressions of one single principle, including the natural world, society, and relationships.

Zhu Xi

Based on the message of Muhammad's earliest preaching, which of the following people would been most likely to become one of the very first converts to Islam?

a female slave owned by one of the tribes of Mecca

What event is depicted on the exterior of this Muslim home in Egypt?

a journey on the haji pilgrimage

Abbas is a Muslim. He is bothered that other Muslims are praying at shrines and the tombs of Muslim saints. He feels that this practice is shirk, which means "___," and contradicts the Muslim ideal of tawhid, which means "___." Abbas feels that people who pray at these shrines are not really Muslims at all. He would prefer that the shrines and tombs be destroyed so that Islam is practiced "correctly." Abbas is most likely a ___.

idolatry, divine unity, Wahhabi

Although ___ meant "ruler's son" in Chinese at the time, Confucius emphasized that it was not a status given by birth, but rather was a goal attainable for all by education and study. For this reason today, most scholars of Confucianism translate the term as "profound person."

junzi

Hanafi, Malaki, Shafi, and Hanbali are the four main Sunni ___.

legal schools

Bobby's local movie theater plays an announcement before each movie, asking patrons to turn off their cell phones and refrain from talking during the film. Bobby ignores this video and continually makes comments about the film to his (very embarrassed) girlfriend while also texting his brother about what beer to pick up for the party that night. Although the other patrons were too polite to complain and Bobby was never kicked out of the theater, a Confucianist would say this episode represents a breakdown of which Confucian virtue?

li

Which of the following is NOT a description of the significance of Arafat in the Muslim worldview?

location where Hagar frantically looked for water for her and her son Ishmael

Sufis engage in a variety of practices that celebrate former Sufi masters for their role in transmitting secret insight and wisdom, including studying their biographies and visiting their tombs. Although these are normal practices in many parts of the world, more conservative Muslims have condemned this veneration as ___, or idolatry, because it attributes God's power to something that is not God.

shirk

Which of the following is the most literal translation of the Arabic word jihad?

struggle

Which of the following are the most likely reasons why someone might make offerings and prayers to Confucius, as depicted in the picture here. Drag and drop each reason to its most appropriate box.

success on tests for admission to college that one's children have successful careers

This stamp was released by the United States Postal Service in 2001 to commemorate the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Fitr. What does that holiday celebrate?

the end of Ramadan