Ch. 8 Smartbook--An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism
Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes?
Enzymes create reactions.
Some forms of fermentation require oxygen.
False
The ultimate energy source for a cells can be internal or external.
False
A specific molecule on which an enzyme acts is a(n) _____________.
Substrates
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of _________.
activation
The region on an enzyme that binds substrate is the _________ site.
active
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?
active site
Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in ____________ respiration.
aerobic
Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in ________________ respiration.
aerobic
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
anabolic and catabolic reactions.
The cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers is ___________.
anabolism
The specific process of ______ incorporates nutrients into larger, complex structures through biosynthesis.
anabolism
When the process of anabolism synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called _____________ ____________.
binary fission
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?
bioenergetics
The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called ___________.
bioenergetics
Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturation of cellular enzymes, resulting in:
blocks to metabolic reactions and ultimately cell death.
Although they do not create reactions, enzymes are indispensable for life because they:
can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold.
The decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy, is ____________.
catabolism
An enzyme acts as a biological ___________ that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.
catalyst
If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to ______.
cell death
Labile means that a substance such as an enzyme is:
chemically unstable.
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary and or quaternary structure is called protein __________.
denaturation
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ______ in a usable form.
energy
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable __________.
energy
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ___________.
enzyme
Biological catalysts are known as ___________.
enzymes
Composed principally of amino acids, and acting as biological catalysts, ______ facilitate metabolic activities of the cell.
enzymes
Which best describes the function of enzymes?
facilitate metabolic pathways
In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut ______________ syndrome.
fermentation
The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called __________.
fermentation
Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?
fermentation
Fermentation results in the production of _________ aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
fewer ATP than
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are ___________, the cycle, and the _________ chain.
glycolysis Krebs respiratory
On land, the primary photosynthesizers are _______.
green plants
In a person with ______ syndrome, high levels of blood alcohol can be observed when reactions in the small intestine use carbohydrates to produce ethanol.
gut fermentation
In a person with _________ syndrome, high levels of blood alcohol can be observed when reactions in the small intestine use carbohydrates to produce ethanol.
gut fermentation
One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to ______.
have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) "___________ -and-key" interaction.
lock
Typically, _________ ATP are netted by fermentation.
2
At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
The left side of the summary equation for cellular respiration shows ________ ADP.
38
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
38
In the summary equation for cellular respiration, there are ______ water molecules on the right side of the equation.
6
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Multiple choice question: Aerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways.
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Which of the following specifically refers to biochemical reactions that break-down complex compounds in a cell?
Catabolism
Please match each form of energy with the correct source. Instructions: Terms: Choices: Chemical Light Electric A change in position Radiant A flow of electrons Mechanical Bonds of molecules Atomic Reactions in the nucleus of an atom
Chemical <-------> Bonds of molecules Electric <-------> A flow of electrons Radiant <-------> Light Mechanical <-------> A change in position Atomic <-------> Reactions in the nucleus of an atom
Compounds are called __________ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.
labile
Compounds are called _____________ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.
labile
The combination of all reactions within a cell is termed ____________.
metabolism
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require ______.
one enzyme
Aerobic respiration requires __________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.
oxygen
Aerobic respiration requires _____________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.
oxygen
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.
oxygen
Which best defines an active site?
region on an enzyme where the substrate binds
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?
substrate
Cells acquire energy from nutrients or from the ___________.
sun
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ___________.
using or not using oxygen
Proteins that act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways are ___________.
Enzymes
How many net ATP are generated during fermentation?
2
Catabolic pathways allow cells to transfer energy from nutrients to a useable form of cellular energy called _____________.
ATP
Cells extract and transfer energy from nutrients to a universal compound called _________.
ATP
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of ___________.
Activation
What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?
Activation energy
Which energy-requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?
Binary fission
The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
Both anabolic and catabolic
What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt?
Denaturation
Select all that apply: The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Multiple select question: Kreb's cycle Calvin cycle Respiratory chain Glycolysis Fermentation
Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain Glycolysis
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?
Lock-and-key
Which is NOT associated with fermentation?
Oxygen
Most enzymes are a functional type of ________ (a type of macromolecule).
Proteins
Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as catalysts?
Proteins
Which are examples of forms of energy?
Radiant energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical energy
Metabolic pathways are interconnected.
True
