Ch. 8 Smartbook--An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism

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Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes?

Enzymes create reactions.

Some forms of fermentation require oxygen.

False

The ultimate energy source for a cells can be internal or external.

False

A specific molecule on which an enzyme acts is a(n) _____________.

Substrates

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of _________.

activation

The region on an enzyme that binds substrate is the _________ site.

active

Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?

active site

Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in ____________ respiration.

aerobic

Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in ________________ respiration.

aerobic

Enzymes serve as catalysts for:

anabolic and catabolic reactions.

The cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers is ___________.

anabolism

The specific process of ______ incorporates nutrients into larger, complex structures through biosynthesis.

anabolism

When the process of anabolism synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called _____________ ____________.

binary fission

The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?

bioenergetics

The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called ___________.

bioenergetics

Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturation of cellular enzymes, resulting in:

blocks to metabolic reactions and ultimately cell death.

Although they do not create reactions, enzymes are indispensable for life because they:

can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold.

The decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy, is ____________.

catabolism

An enzyme acts as a biological ___________ that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.

catalyst

If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to ______.

cell death

Labile means that a substance such as an enzyme is:

chemically unstable.

The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary and or quaternary structure is called protein __________.

denaturation

All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ______ in a usable form.

energy

All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable __________.

energy

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ___________.

enzyme

Biological catalysts are known as ___________.

enzymes

Composed principally of amino acids, and acting as biological catalysts, ______ facilitate metabolic activities of the cell.

enzymes

Which best describes the function of enzymes?

facilitate metabolic pathways

In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut ______________ syndrome.

fermentation

The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called __________.

fermentation

Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?

fermentation

Fermentation results in the production of _________ aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

fewer ATP than

The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are ___________, the cycle, and the _________ chain.

glycolysis Krebs respiratory

On land, the primary photosynthesizers are _______.

green plants

In a person with ______ syndrome, high levels of blood alcohol can be observed when reactions in the small intestine use carbohydrates to produce ethanol.

gut fermentation

In a person with _________ syndrome, high levels of blood alcohol can be observed when reactions in the small intestine use carbohydrates to produce ethanol.

gut fermentation

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to ______.

have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) "___________ -and-key" interaction.

lock

Typically, _________ ATP are netted by fermentation.

2

At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.

38

The left side of the summary equation for cellular respiration shows ________ ADP.

38

What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

38

In the summary equation for cellular respiration, there are ______ water molecules on the right side of the equation.

6

Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Multiple choice question: Aerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways.

Aerobic pathways use oxygen.

Which of the following specifically refers to biochemical reactions that break-down complex compounds in a cell?

Catabolism

Please match each form of energy with the correct source. Instructions: Terms: Choices: Chemical Light Electric A change in position Radiant A flow of electrons Mechanical Bonds of molecules Atomic Reactions in the nucleus of an atom

Chemical <-------> Bonds of molecules Electric <-------> A flow of electrons Radiant <-------> Light Mechanical <-------> A change in position Atomic <-------> Reactions in the nucleus of an atom

Compounds are called __________ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.

labile

Compounds are called _____________ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.

labile

The combination of all reactions within a cell is termed ____________.

metabolism

Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require ______.

one enzyme

Aerobic respiration requires __________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.

oxygen

Aerobic respiration requires _____________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.

oxygen

The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.

oxygen

Which best defines an active site?

region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?

substrate

Cells acquire energy from nutrients or from the ___________.

sun

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ___________.

using or not using oxygen

Proteins that act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways are ___________.

Enzymes

How many net ATP are generated during fermentation?

2

Catabolic pathways allow cells to transfer energy from nutrients to a useable form of cellular energy called _____________.

ATP

Cells extract and transfer energy from nutrients to a universal compound called _________.

ATP

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of ___________.

Activation

What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?

Activation energy

Which energy-requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?

Binary fission

The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

Both anabolic and catabolic

What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt?

Denaturation

Select all that apply: The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Multiple select question: Kreb's cycle Calvin cycle Respiratory chain Glycolysis Fermentation

Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain Glycolysis

Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?

Lock-and-key

Which is NOT associated with fermentation?

Oxygen

Most enzymes are a functional type of ________ (a type of macromolecule).

Proteins

Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as catalysts?

Proteins

Which are examples of forms of energy?

Radiant energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical energy

Metabolic pathways are interconnected.

True


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