Ch. 8/9 Learnsmart

Which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas?

A schema organizes information. A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?

A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds

__________ occurs when a single sperm cell penetrates the ovum.

Conception

T/F?: People usually reach the peak of physical development in their teens.

False

True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.

False

Which of the following are examples of cognition?

Imagining a future occupation Solving problems Being able to speak and understand words

________ is a basic, emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

Temperament

________ ________ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

Terror management

What is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called?

Valence

Which of the following are among the evidence in favor of terror management theory?

When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs. When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly.

The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history.

evolutionary

The _______ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

evolutionary

In Maslow's hierarchy, physiological and safety needs are the needs that a person must satisfy ______.

first

The term _________ ________ is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female

gender schema

When one twin's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the child's parents to raise the child as a _____.

girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant

The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _________ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is ________ motivation.

intrinsic extrinsic

Select the three domains of development.

physical, cognitive, socioemotional

According to Maslow, the most basic need is _____.

physiological

The capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as _____.

resilience

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. She shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.

using the preferential looking technique

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive development

The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

Cross-sectional

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death.

Denial Bargaining Anger Acceptance Depression

____________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development or Human development

_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Display

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development?

It is an interactive role.; It is an active role.

Which of the following apply to the concept of gender?

It is complex. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female. It refers to social aspects of being male or female.

Which statements about development in adulthood are true?

Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. Development in adulthood may mean maintaining an openness to change and to being changed by experience.

________ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.

Puberty

How do display rules affect the universally expressed emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, and anger?

The display of some of the emotions may be discouraged in some cultures but not others. The way the emotions are expressed in a culture may strongly depend on the social situation

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage?

The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.

Which of the following has been supported by research on cognition in early adulthood?

Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic. One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective.

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.

T/F?: Resilient individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings.

True

True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.

True

The three basic needs in self-determination theory are _________, ____________, and __________.

competence relatedness autonomy

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them is known as the _____ hypothesis.

facial feedback

Which of the following are examples of needs, according to drive reduction theory?

food oxygen

An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a ______ _______.

gender role

The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.

moderate

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____.

motivation

In drive reduction theory, a(n) _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation.

need

Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that _____.

peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate peers are involved in gender development

The valence of an emotion refers to its _____.

pleasantness or unpleasantness

Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Critics of Piaget's formal operational stage argue that thinking in young adulthood becomes more _____.

pragmatic

Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

preferential looking

The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is _________ behavior.

prosocial

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to it as _____ behavior.

prosocial

The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____.

regulation

A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.

resilience

According to Piaget, a(n) ________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information

schema

Salvador wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Salvador's behavior is consistent with the process of _____.

self-regulation

John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that _____ was the main determinant of gender.

socialization

Within the autonomic nervous system, the _____ nervous system prepares the body for action.

sympathetic

The __________ nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the ___________ nervous system calms the body.

sympathetic parasympathetic

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

temperament

At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?

their 20s

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.

throughout life

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy?

trust versus mistrust

The _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and our interpretation of the situation.

two-factor

Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles?

A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners.

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns?

Acceptance

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the influence of nature versus nurture?

Biological inheritance

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty?

Changes in the brain Rapid skeletal growth Hormonal changes

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Select all four.

Chronic dysfunction Resilience Recovery Delayed grief or trauma

Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying.

5

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following?

External cues

Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences?

Eye color; Family history of hair loss

The facial feedback hypothesis says which of the following?

Facial expressions can affect emotions.

T/F?: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring only during infancy and childhood.

False

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father?

Female

Which of the following statements describes conception?

Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory?

He does not adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. He does not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. He does not distinguish between moral reasoning and moral behavior.

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father?

Male

_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

Moral

_______ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

Moral

________ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

Motivation

__________ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

Motivation

The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson law

What do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience?

a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty