Ch 9 & 10

Prokaryotes are classified into __domain(s).

2

Plant species A has a diploid chromosome number of 18. Plant species B has a diploid chromosome number of 10. A new species C arises as an allopolyploid of species A and B. What is the most likely diploid chromosome number of species C?

28

The oldest prokaryotic fossils have been dated:

3.5 billion years ago

Life arose from non-life around _____________ years ago.

4 billion

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual?

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has build for her

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Adaptive radiation is a special case of divergent evolution.

Which of the following is NOT a topic in animal behavior?

All of the above are topics in animal behavior.

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods?

Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.

which of the following taxonomic ranks is least inclusive?

genus

Arguments that a morphological characteristic or behavior has evolved because it benefits the species or population are arguments for:

group selection

The morphological species concept:

groups species based on similar phenotype.

When a male fish defends his nest:

he increases the percentage of eggs in the nest that he will fertilize.

All mammals have hair because they inherited that trait from a common ancestor. Features that are inherited from a common ancestor are called:

homologous features.

The current mass extinction is believed to be primarily caused by:

human actions

Which of the following best illustrates an instinctive behavior in cats?

hunting and killing

All of the living organisms that we can see with the naked eye are:

in the domain Eukarya.

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group?

increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism

A phylogenetic tree:

is a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.

an honest signal:

is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that cannot be faked.

Which of the following is NOT caused by bacteria?

malaria

A comparison of the graphs in the figure shows that:

males maximize reproductive success by mating with as many females as possible.

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

mating systems

An optimal strategy for an animal in procuring food would involve all of the following EXCEPT:

maximizing the size of each prey item.

In a polyandrous mating system:

multiple males tend to mate with the same female.

In amphibians, it is generally the case that:

neither the female nor the male invest much energy in the care of offspring.

in the graph in the figure, the x axis represents __________ and the y axis represents ____________.

number of mates, number of offspring

Molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals are called:

pheromones.

The evolutionary history of groups of organisms is known as: .

phylogeny

Polyploidy as mechanism of speciation occurs most commonly in which of the following life forms?

plants

Two types of polygamy are:

polygyny and polyandry.

A single breeding male red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) may mate with several females, but each female usually mates with only one male. This type of mating system is known as:

polygyny.

Applying what you know about punctuated equilibrium versus gradualism, which method of speciation is most likely to lead to punctuated equilibrium?

polyploidy

Although most children don't talk until they are a year old, by the age of three they understand most rules of sentence construction and the average six-year-old native English speaker already has a vocabulary of about 13,000 words. These skills are impressive, particularly in light of the fact that, at this age, children are not competent at most activities, from cooking to driving to fine motor coordination. Language acquisition is:

prepared learning

The pace of evolution in which there is little change for long periods of time interrupted by short periods with major changes is called:

punctuated equilibrium

When the female silkworm moth is ready to mate, she:

releases a potent chemical into the air.

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

reproductive investment

If formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from the production of fertile offspring, __________________ has occurred

reproductive isolation

The biological species concept is primarily based on:

reproductive isolation

According to the biological species concept, species are natural populations of organisms that have the potential to interbreed and that are ____________________ isolated from other such populations.

reproductively

Researchers have found that mixtures of phospholipids placed in water or salt solutions tend to spontaneously form:

small spherical units that resemble living cells.

speciation without geographic isolation is called:

sympatric speciation

In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because:

the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish people.

Phase 1 of the creation of life on earth was _______________________. Phase 2 was the formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules. Phase 3 was the development of a membrane, which enabled metabolism and created the first cells.

the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

The more asymmetric the parental investment is between the sexes:

the more radical we expect the sexual dimorphism, both physically and behaviorally.

An animal will preferentially feed on:

the prey that provides the most energy relative to effort.

Sexual dimorphism refers to:

the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.

At the time life first evolved on earth:

there was less oxygen and more methane in the atmosphere than there is today.

Analogous features are problematic when constructing evolutionary trees because:

they are the result of natural selection rather than common ancestry.

The difference between macroevolution and microevolution is that:

they take place on different time scales.

The arrow in the figure represents:

time

Sequencing DNA from different organisms has been a breakthrough for phylogenetics because:

we now have a method to determine the relatedness of organisms that leave no fossils

One plant species that has evolved in the manner depicted in the figure is:

wheat

Before exposure to the fear of snakes, a captive monkey:

will reach over a plastic snake for food.

Vampire bats:

will sometimes regurgitate blood into the mouth of an unrelated individual that is close to starving.

In captivity, tigers and lions have been known to interbreed and produce hybrids, known as ligers. Why does this NOT make them the same species, according to the biological species concept?

Captivity is not a natural condition.

Classification is an important aspect of understanding and describing the many life forms on earth. In their classification scheme, biologists use different "ranks" that are more or less inclusive. Which of the following correctly lists these ranks from most to least inclusive?

Domain, phylum, family, genus, species

Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic barrier to interbreeding between different species?

Hybrids between the two species are infertile.

Assume that you carry an allele, R, that causes you to help individuals to whom you are not related. This help increases their fitness and decreases yours. The frequency of allele R may still increase in the population:

If individuals you help are likely to return the favor and help you at some point in the future

Most apparent acts of altruism in the animal kingdom have proven, on closer inspection, to be not truly altruistic. Instead, they have evolved as a consequence of either

Kin selection or reciprocal altruism

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female?

Males produce motile gametes

Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than in mammals because:

Most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not

Which of the following has/have had strong effects on the evolution of mating systems in animals?

Only a) and b) have had strong effects on the evolution of mating systems in animals.

__________ isolating mechanisms include hybrid mortality and hybrid infertility

Postzygotic

Why is this goose in the figure rolling a beer can back to her nest?

She's exhibiting a fixed action pattern that directs her to retrieve any item that even vaguely resembles an egg

When scientists displace an adult female Belding's ground squirrel to a new group for an experiment, she still risks her life alarm-calling although she is not saving any of her kin. Why does this behavior still persist now that it is harmful to her fitness?

The ground squirrel is acting on instinct and still calls because she possesses no instincts suited to this evolutionary novel situation.

systematics is:

The study of diversity of life to understand its evolutionary history

When individuals of any species find themselves in an environment that differs from the environment to which they are evolutionarily adapted, we observe that:

They engage in behaviors better fit to the environment that specjes evolved in than the environment that individual organisms find themselves in

During the breeding season, the sight of a red belly on any other stickleback triggers aggressive behavior in a male stickleback. This is called:

a fixed action pattern

When a goose spots an egg outside of its nest, the goose gets out of the nest and rolls the egg back. Once started, a goose continues the egg-retrieval movement all the way back to the nest, even if the egg is taken away during the process. This is called:

a fixed action pattern

Which of the following pairs of structures most likely represents homology?

a lion's paw and a chimp's hand

Horses and donkeys can breed and produce sterile offspring known as mules. Horses and donkeys remain separate species because of this hybrid sterility, which is:

a postzygotic barrier to reproduction.

Archaea and bacteria diverged:

about 3 billion years ago

In a set of classic experiments performed in the early 1950s, Urey and Miller subjected an experimental system composed of H2, CH4 (methane), and NH4 (ammonia) to electrical sparks. A few days later, they found _________________ in their system.

amino acids

The Belding's ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the figure would most commonly be: .

an older female in the colony in which she was born

polygamous species:

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented.

Incest avoidance evolved in humans:

because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.

Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack's call considered an "honest signal"?

because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male.

The idea of "punctuated equilibrium" suggests that species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, according to this idea, it happens sporadically and relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on earth. This idea of evolution in spurts challenges which of the components of Darwin's theory of evolution?

both a) and b) are correct

In black widow spider mating, the male

breaks off his sexual organ inside the female and the female kills and eats the male

Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms.

cells

______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism.

communication

Gestational diabetes is thought to be the consequence of:

conflict between the mother and the fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given.

"Establishing a phylogeny for bacteria is more difficult than establishing a phylogeny for plants or animals." This statement is:

correct because bacteria can engage in lateral gene transfer.

In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is:

external

The taxonomic rank that includes genera but not orders is:

family

the plural of genus is

genera

Female Belding's ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into:

"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

The fixed action pattern found in geese, in which they will retrieve a model egg the size of a basketball preferentially to retrieving their own egg, was able to evolve because:

Both a) and b) were necessary for the particular behavior to evolve.

In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about fixed action patterns?

Fixed action patterns are an example of prepared learning.