Ch 9 Quiz "Sociology In Our Times"
Although some people have grown wealthy in lower-middle-income nations, many others continue to live in poverty, defined as _________ per day in purchasing power.
$1.25
A child born in a low-HDI country has a life expectancy of about 59 years, which is __________ years less than in medium-HDI countries and ___________ years less than in very-high-HDI countries.
12;20
By 2010, the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had almost __________ times the income of the poorest 20 percent.
150
Low-income countries are primarily __________ nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.
Agrarian
Which statement most accurately reflects the overall trends in life expectancy for middle- and low-HDI countries?
Although some advances have been made, major problems still exist
Social inequality is present __________.
Both within and among the countries of the world
The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population:
Continues to widen
The __________ theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries.
Dependency
The idea of has become one of the primary means used in attempts to reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.
Development
According to the Human Development Report, _________ is fundamental to improving life chances and reducing both individual and national poverty.
Education
Most high-income countries can be found in __________.
Europe and North America
The most frequently noted __________ world nations were the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.
First
Rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems are referred to as:
First world nations
The World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality what is known as the __________, which ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).
Gini Coefficient
The 2007 U.S. financial crisis led to a(n) _________ that spread from high-income economies to lower-income economies. The economic slowdown particularly harmed countries located in the sub-Saharan Africa.
Global Economic Recession
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world, is referred to as:
Global Stratification
__________ countries are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita (per person) income.
High-Income
__________ economies are found in 69 nations, including Portugal, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, and Germany.
High-Income
The World Bank classifies nations into four economic categories:
High-Income, Upper-Middle-Income, Lower-Middle-Income, and Low-Income Economies
Defining levels of poverty involves all of the following dimensions EXCEPT:
How far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
One major cause of shorter life expectancy in low-income nations is the high __________ rate.
Infant Mortality
As a result of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as "underdevelopment" have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development, and economies are now classified by their:
Levels of income or their ranking on the Human Development Index
President Truman believed that an increase in the standard of __________ meant that a nation was moving toward economic development, which typically included the improved exploitation of natural resources by industrial development.
Living
When an individual is able to purchase more quantities of food, higher quality food, higher quality housing, or a vehicle, the individual's standard of __________ is increased.
Living
In the future, continued population growth, urbanization, environmental degradation, and violent conflict threaten even the meager living conditions of those residing in __________ nations.
Low-Income
Transnational corporations have built maquiladora plants so that goods can be assembled by low-wage workers and then brought into the United States to keep production costs down. Which country are these maquiladora plants located in?
Mexico
Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and with moderate levels of national and personal income, are referred to as:
Middle-Income Countries
The top three countries in the Human Development Index are __________.
Norway, Australia, and Switzerland
The top countries identified as having very high human development are:
Norway, Australia, and the Switzerland
About _________ of the world's population resides in the nations with middle-income economies.
One-Third
According to world systems theory, most low-income countries in Africa and South America are __________ nations that are dependent on other nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
Peripheral
Which type(s) of countries are exploited by semiperipheral nations?
Peripheral
_________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
Relative
There are three dimensions included in the Human Development Index. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Social Inclusion
The term __________ refers to material well-being, which is measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.
Standard of Living
_________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.
Subjective
Using the Gini Index, which of the following countries is the most equitable?
Sweden
According to Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, all countries go through four stages of economic development. The second stage is the __________ stage, which is a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement.
Take-off
Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development. In the third stage, referred to as the __________ stage, the country will reinvest in new industries and embrace the beliefs, values, and social institutions of the high-income, developed nations.
Technological Maturity
People living in the __________world, which comprise the poorest countries, have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.
Third
Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by President __________ in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.
Truman
The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey are considered nations with __________ economies.
Upper-Middle-Income
The Human Development Report includes a level of development category for nations called:
Very High Human Development
The education of __________ is of primary importance in the future if global inequality is to be reduced.
Women
The bottom three countries in the "Low Human Development" category are:
Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, & Central African Republic
According to the Gini coefficient, tends to have lower amounts of inequality than much of the world.
Northern Europe
According to the Human Development Report, people who live in nations with ___________ development can expect to be better educated, to live longer, and to earn more.
Very High Human
Lower-middle-income economies include the nations of:
Vietname, Armenia, and Ghana
Among those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are:
Women and Children
Those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________.
Women and Children
The _________ theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system, held together by economic ties.
World Systems
After __________, the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social scientists.
World War II
The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about __________ years less than that of people in high-HDI nations.
20
Many people in low-income nations are far from having good health. In fact, about __________ million people die each year from AIDS, diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses.
25
In 1960, the wealthiest 20 percent of the world's population had more than __________ times the income of the poorest 20 percent.
30
Women in the poorest nations have a literacy rate of _________ percent, as compared to 64.5 percent for men. Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to decreases in fertility, improved child health, and increased earnings potential.
45.9
About __________ percent of the world's population lives in the thirty-five low-income economies, where most people engage in agricultural pursuits, reside in nonurban areas, and are impoverished.
50
Although some gains have been made in reducing the rate of malnourishment in some lower-income nations, about one billion people around the world are malnourished, and __________ percent of these are in Asia and the Pacific.
63
In order to better understand how the HDI translates into real life, we should consider that a child that is born in 2010 in Latin America has a life expectancy of _________ years compared with a life expectancy of _________ for a child born in the Sub-Saharan Africa.
75;57
There has been progress in youth literacy rates with _________ percent literacy in 63 of the 104 countries with available data.
89
Although progress has been made, women still receive an inferior education when compared to their male counterparts which has consequences for the rest of society as higher literacy rates are associated with __________.
?? (NOT Earlier age of marriage)
The average income per person in lower-income countries has __________ in the past thirty years.
?? (NOT decreased or remained the same)
Although some gains have been made in reducing the rate of malnourishment in some lower-income nations, about __________ people around the world are malnourished.
?? (NOT two billion)
Health is defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization as:
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
The World Bank has defined ___________ poverty as living on less than $1.25 a day.
Absolute
__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.
Absolute
A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is defined as:
Absolute Poverty
According to the new international division of labor theory, __________commodity chains is the term used to refer to industries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized production networks in various middle- and low-income countries.
Buyer-Driven
___________ is the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.
Capital Flight
Erin makes around $15,000 per year. Until recently, she worked in the manufacturing sector at a factory. However, it recently closed and relocated to a country with lower wages. Erin likely lives in a __________economy.
High-Income
Nations with __________ economies continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.
High-Income
According to the United Nations, is the process of "increasing the number of choices that people have so that they can lead life to its fullest and be able to take action for themselves to improve their lives."
Human Development
In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross domestic product, for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy, education, and living standards.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The leading killers of children and young adults is/are __________ which are directly linked to environmental conditions and poverty.
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
The gap between some richer and middle- or lower-income nations has __________ for life expectancy, adult literacy, and daily calorie supply.
Narrowed Significantly
Capital flight often occurs because transnational corporations become aware of pools of cheap labor in ___________ nations where workers do not have legal protection or unions to help boost their wages and improve their work conditions.
Lower-Income
The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income. Armenia, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Lesotho, Nigeria, Ukraine, and Vietnam are classified as:
Lower-Middle-Income Countries
Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease, and they do not have adequate health care facilities. __________ is a common problem among children, many of whom are underweight, stunted, and have anemia.
Malnutrition
The __________Plan, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.
Marshall
Mariela lives in a country where about 1/3 of the people live in poverty and her family makes about $4,000 annually. While there are diverse array of goods and services available, there are also substantial economic issues facing most citizens. What kind of economy does Mariela's country have?
Middle-Income
The most widely known development theory is __________ theory, which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.
Modernization
The number of hours that people work at their jobs each week is one measure of the extent to which individuals subscribe to the work ethic, which is a core value widely believed to be of great significance in the __________ process.
Modernization
__________ theory is based on a market-oriented perspective that assumes that "pure" capitalism is good and that the best economic outcomes occur when governments follow the policy of laissez-faire (hands-off) business, giving capitalists the opportunity to make the "best" economic decisions.
Modernization
The __________ was introduced by the United Nations to help identify overlapping deprivations that are suffered by households in health, education, and living standards. These three dimensions are subdivided into ten indicators.
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Based on the new international division of labor theory, __________ commodity chains is the term used to describe industries in which transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process.
Producer-Driven
Industries that produce automobiles, computers, and other capital- and technology-intensive products are typically __________ commodity chains.
Producer-Driven
__________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.
Relative
__________ world nations include China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union.
Second
Countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living are referred to as:
Second World Nations
The ___________approach was introduced by social analysts to distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens.
Three Worlds
Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development. The first stage is the __________ stage, in which very little social change takes place, and people do not think much about changing their current circumstances.
Traditional
