CH 9 Regional Economic Integration
Which EU organization handles appeals of EU law?
Court of Justice
The anticipated exit of ____ from the European Union has cast a level of doubt about the future of the project.
the United Kingdom
The CAFTA was formed to lower trade barriers between ______.
The US and Central America
The United States is considered a close example of a ________ because 50 independent states are effectively combined into a single nation.
Political union
When an optimal currency area exists, similar underlying structures of economic activity make it more feasible to adopt _____.
a single currency
Since 2010, Mercosur has made ______ progress toward achieving its goals.
little
As the text notes, support for the euro was compromised when________ was put in the position of underwriting loans to bail out the governments of Greece, Portugal, and Ireland.
Germany
The impending British exit from the EU is seen by other smaller member nations as a problem because Britain acts as a counterweight to the economic power of _____.
Germany
When the euro-zone economies are NOT growing at the same rate, a common monetary policy linked to common currency may mean that ______ rates may not reflect any one individual country's needs.
interest
The creation of a single market creates _____ costs of doing business.
lower
A ______ union consists of a central governing body that regulates the economic, social and foreign policy of member states.
political
African countries have attempted to form a continental trade agreement, but have been stymied by significant ______ turmoil.
political
The Treaty of Lisbon created the position of ______ of the European Council.
president
During 2007 and 2008, many investors were taking money out of the U.S. by selling U.S. stocks, and purchasing euro-denominated assets; therefore, the value of the
rose
Free trade agreements account for nearly ____ of regional economic agreements.
90%
Critics say that the EU is an optimal currency area which is why it is difficult to adopt a single currency.
False
Which agreement was an attempt at regional economic integration in the United States?
North American Free Trade Agreement
The Treaty of ______ established the European Community in 1957.
Rome
What are two potential costs Britain might face when its exit from the EU is complete?
Some multinationals may move operations to other EU countries to access the single market. There might be a decrease in the rate of economic growth.
______ is considered the most successful attempt at regional economic integration.
The EU
Alexander Yeats claimed that the trade diversion effects of Mercosur outweighed its trade creation effects.
True
As a consequence of competitive pressure in the European automobile industry, the introduction of the euro has led to lower prices for consumers.
True
Less than 20 years after it was established, the Andean Pact was on the verge of collapse
True
What three countries established the North American Free Trade agreement?
United States Mexico Canada
One of the changes proposed by the Single European Act was to abolish the restrictions placed on foreign truckers who pick up and deliver goods within another member's state borders. This hauling process is known as ______.
cabotage
Despite having a customs union with the EU, full membership in the EU for Turkey has been denied because of concerns over
human rights issues
According to Alexander Yeats, the countries that produce the fastest-growing products in intra-Mercosur trade do so _____ and at the _____ price.
inefficiently; highest
What effect did the Single European Act have on gross domestic product in the first 15 years?
it raised GDP between two and five percent
The main job of the competition commissioner for the European Union is to regulate business in order to prevent
monopolies
Based on economic theories, free trade is viewed as a ______ as all participating nations stand to gain.
positive-sum game
The Court of justice is made up of
one judge from each country in the EU.
The euro is the ______-most traded currency in the world.
second
The number of votes a country gets in the European Council is related to the
size of the country
One reason given to explain the downfall of the Andean Pact points to the political ideology of the countries involved. This political ideology centered on the ______ end of the political spectrum.
socialist
After the British government formally notified of its intent to exit the European Union, the country had _____ to negotiate the terms of the exit.
two years
The collapse of the Central American Common Market was a result of ______.
war between Honduras and El Salvador
In 1969, which countries created the Andean Pact that was modeled on the EU, but was not as successful in achieving regional groups objectives?
Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
In 2004, the US and six Central American countries formed a free trade agreement called
CAFTA
Which NAFTA country experienced a welfare loss since the program's inception?
Canada
Studies of NAFTA's effects show that ______ are the top three trading partners of the US, which suggests that NAFTA has had some positive effects.
Canada, China & Mexico
A ______ allows the free movement of factors of productions among member countries, eliminates trade barriers among member countries, and has a common external trade policy.
Common market
Which level of economic integration is present in an agreement that has no barriers to trade among member countries and allow factors of production (such as labor) to move freely among the members?
Common market
What are two impediments to establishing economic integration?
Costs of integration and Concerns over national sovereignty.
What are two key political institutions of the EU?
Council of the European Union and European Commission.
What are two reasons to establish a common EU currency?
Easier to compare prices across Europe Savings from handling just one currency
In 2001, the ______ Community, made up of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, tried to reinvigorate their trade agreement after it collapsed 24 years before.
East African
A _______ union adds more economic integration to a common market by requiring a common currency, a common monetary and fiscal policy, and harmonization of tax rates.
Economic
Regional _______ integration creates agreements among countries in a specific geographic area in order to reduce and eventually remove tariff and non tariff barriers to the free flow of goods/
Economic
What are two methods a country would use to achieve economic integration?
Economic Union and Common market
In the political structure of the European Union, the ______ is composed of one representative from the government of each member state, but the membership varies depending on the topic being discussed.
European council
Economists would agree that the EU is an optimal currency area.
False
Opponents of NAFTA felt that the program would result in a large exodus of jobs from Mexico.
False
The greater the number of countries involved in economic integration, the easier it is to reach an agreement among the countries.
False
Which country was always considered a major holdout in th EU because it did NOT agree to accept the euro as a common currency?
Great Britain
Which EU country did the International Monetary Fund agree to bailout in 2010 for fear it might default on its sovereign debt?
Greece
Which of the following is the overall controlling authority within the European Union (EU) that must approve draft legislation from the European Commission before it becomes EU law?
The European Council
Many of the newer EU nations that had committed to adopting the euro have now put their plans on hold
True
One political reason that supports economic integration is the potential to reduce violent conflict between nations.
True
Proponents of NAFTA believed that it would result in
US and Canadian consumers benefiting from lower prices.
What were two expected results of the Single European Act?
give EC firms additional opportunities for economies of scale. lower the costs of doing business between member countries
The establishment of the euro is seen as a surprising political accomplishment because it required participating governments to
give up control over monetary policy
The Treaty of Rome was instrumental in creating a common market. Article 3 of that treaty called for the elimination of ______.
internal trade barriers.
It was acknowledged that one potential effect of NAFTA was that member countries would take advantage of ______ by moving production efforts to Mexico.
lower labor costs
According to the Single European Act, a product standard developed in one EC country should be accepted in another. This is known as the principle of ______.
mutual recognition
The main reason Great Britain did NOT agree to accept the euro as a common currency is because doing so would require Great Britain to relinquish control of the monetary policy, and as a result, ______ would be diminished.
national sovereignty
Regional trade blocs can possibly occur in markets that are protected from outside competition because ______ barriers are in place, and the WTO does not cover some of these types of barriers.
nontariff
Economic theories suggest that free trade allows countries to
specialize in producing goods and service that they are most efficient at producing.
NAFTA eliminated ______ on almost all of the goods traded between Mexico, Canada, and the United States.
tariffs
A key impediment to economic integration is that although a majority of citizens may benefit from free trade, certain groups may lose their jobs to low-cost and low-skilled labor in other countries as was the experience of some US and Canadian workers in the ______ industry following the establishment of NAFTA.
textile
Within the European Union, what role is responsible for reviewing proposed mergers and acquisitions in order to avoid one enterprise achieving substantial market power?
Competition commissioner
In moving toward economic and political integration, _____ union removes trade barriers among member nations and establishes a common trade policy for nonmembers.
Customs
After joining the EU, which three long-term members did NOT agree to the euro as a common currency as directed by the Maastricht Treaty?
Denmark Great Britain Sweden
Under the Andean Pact,, which two members received special concessions based on the size of these countries?
Ecuador and Bolivia
Which objective of the Andean Community has NOT yet been implemented?
Establishment of a common market
What two political factors led to the development of the European Union?
Europe's desire to hold its own on the world's political and economic stage. The devastation of western Europe during the two world wars
Which institution has a monopoly in proposing European Union legislation?
European Commission
Which organization is playing an emerging role in competition policy within the EU and serves as a potential threat to companies wishing to do business there?
European Commission
Which of the these trade unions is made up of European countries that decided NOT to be part of the European Community and emphasized free trade in industrial goods.
European Free Trade Association
There has been _____ in regional economic integration in the past two decades.
Increase
Under which treaty was the power of the European Parliament increased?
Libson
What are two factors that support the idea for political integration of nations through trade?
Making nations interdependent can decrease the potential for violent conflict and Countries can enhance their political weight in the world.
The trade pact developed in 1988, initially between Argentina and Brazil, is called ______.
Mercosur
Proponents of NAFTA argued many would benefit from the movement of low-skilled, labor-intensive production to ______, which might have a competitive advantage in this area.
Mexico
______ is an economic term that refers to high-cost domestic producers being replaced by low-cost producers within the free trade area.
Trade creation
While the EU is seen as an economic union, it is considered imperfect because not all members of the EU have
adopted the same currency
An argument against regional free trade agreements contends that the benefits have been oversold, but ______ have often been ignored.
costs
What were two concerns about NAFTA's short-term effect on Mexico?
difficult economic restructuring increased unemployment
When NAFTA was created, it allowed for special protection from foreign direct investment on which two Mexican industries?
energy and railway
In 2001, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, members of the East African Community, tried to
establish a customs union.
Six Caribbean-area countries established the CSME in 2006 to accomplish what two things?
lower trade barriers coordinate macroeconomic and monetary policy
CARICOM was a customs union created in 1991 among countries in _____.
the caribbean
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and other countries in the early 1960s formed a common market that was called
the central American common market
The economic policies of the European Union are established by the four main institutions in the political structure: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, and _____.
the court of justice
The two restrictions put on new members to the EU that joined in 2004 were
they could not adopt the euro for several years. free movement of labor among the new and existing members was prohibited for several years.
Some economists argue that regional free trade agreements will provide global benefits only if
trade creation exceeds trade diversion.
The least integrated form of economic integration is a
free trade area
The Single European Act had little to no impact on the EU economy.
FALSE
When high-cost domestic producers have been replaced by low-cost producers within a free trade zone, this is called trade
creation
Currently, the Andean Community functions as a
customs union
What are two potential threats to firms outside of a trading block such as the EU?
- those firms would face likely long-term improvement in the competitive position of firms within the market - those firms might be shut out of the market by a "trade fortress"
What are three advantages of regional market integration that can result in cost savings to a business?
-Harmonized product standards -Free movement of goods across borders -Simplified tax regimes
Before the United Kingdom decided to exit the EU, how many total countries were involved by 2014?
28
Approximately how many regional trade agreements are currently in force?
280 to 284
According to Ross Perot, ratification of NAFTA would result in the loss of about ______ million jobs from the US and Canada, as firms from these countries sought to capitalize on lower wages in Mexico.
5.9
What are two potential problems with an economic union?
It requires a coordination bureaucracy and There is a surrender of some national sovereignty.
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement renegotiated NAFTA and requires automakers to produce _____ of a vehicle's content in North America to qualify for zero tariffs.
75%
What are two characteristics of the European Central Bank?
It was established to ensure price stability. and It is meant to be free from political pressure.
It is easiest to establish regional economic integration among
A limited number of adjacent countries.
The European Commission, to maintain the level of competition in the EU, is increasingly willing to impose conditions from businesses before allowing
A merger or acquisition
The weakening of which currency helped raise the value of the euro beginning in 2001?
Dollar
The ______ sets interest rates and monetary policy for the EU.
ECB
As the most enduring free trade area in the world, ________ concentrates in the free trade of industrial goods, but no agricultural products.
EFTA ( European Free Trade Association)
What are the two major trading blocks in Europe?
European Free Trade Association and European Union
The European Community (EC) became the ______ in 1993.
European Union
The most ambitious attempt at regional economic integration is the _________.
European Union
The most significant trading block in Europe based on economic and political influence is the _____.
European Union
One of the reasons the European Union was originally formed was because
Europeans desired a lasting peace after enduring two devastating world wars.
What is the purpose of the European Stability Mechanism that was established by the EU?
It is a permanent bailout fund.
The Maastricht Treaty stated that EU members were to adopt a common currency by January 1, 1999. When were euro notes and coins issued?
January 1, 2002
Which country risked the most from participating in NAFTA because it does NOT have access to the capital resources and highly-skilled workforce found in the other countries?
Mexico
Critics of NAFTA worried that ______ as a result of the agreement.
Mexico would degrade clean air and toxic waste standards across the continent
Some people suspect that Turkey has been denied joining the EU because it is primarily a ______ nation.
Muslim
Two reasons that the EU is NOT considered a perfect economic union.
Not all markets are fully deregulated and There is a difference in tax rates across the countries.
Which three nations are a part of ASEAN?
Singapore Indonesia Philippines
To signify the importance of the ______, the European Community decided to change its name to the European Union once the act took effect.
Single European Act
Which of the following are reasons for a customs union being put in place?
To eliminate trade barriers between member countries and To establish a common external trade policy
______ is an economic term defined as replacing lower-cost external suppliers with high-cost suppliers within the free trade area.
Trade diversion
During the campaign for leaving the EU, one of the recent claims said that leaving the EU would allow the British to take back control of _____.
immigration
The Maastricht Treaty committed EU members to
adopt a common currency by January 1, 1999.
A restriction put on new members to the EU that entered in 2004 was that these new members could not ______ for several years.
adopt the euro
With the increase in single regional markets, managers must continually monitor for threats, including that the business environment within each grouping has become more
competitive
Mexican critics of NAFTA claimed that the US would use Mexico as a place to conduct ______ jobs.
assembly
The European Parliament is considered a _____ body.
consultative
The European Parliament must approve all members of the European ______ before this body can begin its work.
commission
One reason for establishing the euro was because a(n) ______ currency would make it easier to compare prices across Europe.
common
The members of Mercosur agreed on a _____ in 2010 in an attempt to avoid paying tariffs more than once.
common customs code
The Treaty of Rome established a(n) ______.
common market
How do members of the European Parliament gain their seat?
directly elected by the citizens
Since the WTO has a limited scope, the risk remains that regional economic integration will result in trade
diversion
When lower-cost external suppliers are replaced by higher-cost suppliers within a free trade zone, this is called trade
diversion
There are presently 19 trade blocs in Africa, and many of these blocs have been _____ for years.
dormant
A lack of barrier to the trade of goods and services among member countries is found in
free trade area
What are two requirements countries must take to qualify for EU membership?
establish stable democratic government respect human rightsF
Prior to its renegotiation under the presidency of Donald Trump, NAFTA had been in place _____.
for 25 years
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was formed with the intent to foster _____.
free trade