Ch. 9 Study guide

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

* Function: part of the blood-brain barrier, cushions CNS * Formation: made by the Chroroid plexus of 3rd ventricle. * Distribution: secreted into the ventricle & flows throughout the subarachnoid space, where it cushions the CNS. * Reabsorption: into the blood at the arachnoid villi.

Postcentral Gyrus

* Primary somatosensory cortex * main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch

Describe the Origin & Function of the 3 major types of motor systems:

* Skeletal muscle movement- Somatic motor division * Neuroendocrine signals- Hypothalamus and adrenal medulla * Visceral responses- Autonomic division

Precentral Gyrus

* The strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control. * Primary motor cortex

Associative learning:

* animal behaviour, any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus. * virtually all learning except simple habituation * two stimuli associated with each other.

Nuclei of brain and spinal cord

* clusters of cell bodies (somas) in the CNS, * associated with the reticular formation in the brain stem (controls:wakefulness, sleep, muscle tone, & pain modulation)

Brain stem

* most cranial nerves orginate here! * structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; includes the medulla oblongata the pons, and midbrain, & reticular formation. * Medulla-controls involuntary functions of the body(heart rate), provide coordination for breathing, swallowing, vommiting. * Pons- relay station between cerebrum & cerebellum. * Midbrain- Information relay to forebrain, wakefulness, eye movements, drowsiness, involuntary movements. (hearing & sight) * Reticular formation: network of neurons along length of stem, disruption would cause hard time walking because inability to arouse the brain.

Cerebellum

-"Little Brain" -hindbrain- controls fine motor skills, balance & coordination.

Name the Major subdivisions & give their functions of...

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and Brain stem.

Diacephalon

Contains: * Thalamus- relay center for sensory & motor information. * Hypothalamus-command center for homeostatic functions & master regulator of hormone secretion. * Epithalamus- * Posterior Pituitary Gland-houses hormones for hypothalamus & * Pineal Gland-secretes melatonin (sleep/wake cycle) Controls: Homeostatis, sleep, Thirst, Hunger, Anger, and Sex drive. Regulates: Visceral activities directly & indirectly & directs information between different regions of the CNS.

Name 4 lobes of the Cerebral cortex (explain which are associated with each lobe: Sensory, Motor, or Association area)********************

Frontal Lobe- Parietal Lobe- Occipital Lobe- Temporal Lobe-

Invalidate the notion that humans only use 10% of their brain.

If you removed 90% of our brains we would not be able to function.

Association areas-

Integrate information from sensory & motor areas. can direct voluntary behavior.

Cerebrum

Largest part of brain, all voluntary activities of the body, Cognitive brain-processes stimuli & complex responses, Memory, Learning, Emotions, Language, & Movement. 4lobes, Corpus Callosum, White matter-nuclei, Gray matter- unmyelinated neurons, basal ganglia-control movement. *Cerebral cortex(higher order of meaning), Limbic system(most primitive part of cerebrum that surrounds the brain stem, "emotions"), Basal ganglia.

Memory & Learning:

Learning has 2 broad types Associative & Nonassociative learning. * Memory has several types & is stored in memory traces.

Frontal Lobe-

Primary motor cortex, Movement speech, & implusive behavior.

Metabolic needs for Neural tissue:

Really high amount of ATP requires both Oxygen and Glucose.

Emotion:

Similar to emotions but longer-lasting Mood disorders Fourth leading cause of illness worldwide today Depression Sleep and appetite disturbances Alterations of mood and libido May affect function at school or work or in personal relationships Antidepressant drugs alter synaptic transmission

Starting at skull and moving inward, name the membranes & other structures that enclose the brain.

Skin Periosteum- Skull * Dura Mater=(Periosteal & Meningeal)- *Venous sinus- * Arachnoid Mater- * Arachnoid Villi- * Subarachnoid Space- Blood vessels- * Pia Mater- * Cerebrum-

Structures & Functions of the Blood-Brain Barrier:

Structures: The network of tightly packed capillary (highly selectively permeable) cells that separates the blood and the brain, Astrocytes foot processes-tight junctions between endothelial cells. Functions: Protective mechanism that prevents toxic water soluble compounds & pathogens from entering cerebrospinal fluid, CNS, or Brain tissue.

Limbic system

a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).

Tracts of brain and spinal cord

axon bundles that connect CNS regions

Sensory:

carries messages from senses to CNS * perception / awareness

Motor:

carries messages to skin, muscles, and such from CNS * direct skeletal muscles

Non associative learning:

change in behavior after repeated exposure. * a relatively permanent change in the strength of response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus

Habituation:

decreased response to repeated stimulus

Sensitization:

enhanced response to repeated stimulus

Memory traces:

how memory is stored

Motivation:

internal signals that shape voluntary behavior, aka "drives", works with autonomic & endocrine responses, Motivated behaviors stop when a person has reached a certain level of satiety, Pleasure & addictive behaviors: link to dopamine.

Broca's area

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production. *inability to speak

Wernicke's area

located in left temporal lobe; *plays role in understanding language and making meaningful sentences. *inability to understand

Working memory:

part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.

Short-term memory:

primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. * like remembering phone#s, or completing sentences Long term-consolidation- established pathways in brain, repetition

Parietal Lobe-

processing of sensory input, body orientation (proprioception), taste, touch, & movement.

Occipital Lobe-

region of cerebral cortex that process visual information.

Temporal Lobe-

region of cerebral cortex that responsible for hearing & language.

White matter

tracts of unmyelinated axons, contain very few cell bodies.

Gray matter of the CNS

unmyelinated nerve cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, also located in the cerebral cortex & central portion of the spinal cord.