Ch08 module review of anatomy and physiology by Math Your Way

8.6 b. Which division of the skeleton—axial or appendicular— has the greatest range of motion?

Typically, the joints of the appendicular skeleton have a more extensive ROM than those of the axial skeleton.

8.4 a. When doing jumping jacks, which limb movements are necessary?

When doing jumping jacks, both the upper and lower limbs must perform abduction (when the limbs are spread apart) and adduction (when they are brought back together again).

8.10 b. Explain how an arthroscope is used.

An arthroscope is an instrument that uses thin, flexible optical fibers and a tiny camera to view the interior structures of a joint. This instrument can also be modified to perform surgical procedures without the trauma of major surgery.

8.3 a. Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces.

Based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces. synovial joints are classified as gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

8.4 b. Which movements are performed by hinge joints?

Hinge joints perform flexion and extension.

8.2 c. Define a joint dislocation (luxation).

In a joint dislocation (luxation), the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced out of position.

8.6 a. Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility.

Joints cannot be both strong and highly mobile. As a result, the more movable a joint is, the weaker it is.

8.8 a. Which tissues or structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint?

Ligaments and muscles provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint.

8.9 a. Of the elbow and knee joints, which has menisci?

Menisci are found in the knee joint.

8.5 a. What movements are made possible by the rotation of the head of the radius?

Pronation and supination of the hand are made possible by the rotation of the radius head.

8.5 b. What hand movements occur when wriggling into tight-fitting gloves?

Protraction, supination, and pronation occur while wriggling into tight-fitting gloves.

8.1 a. Define range of motion (ROM).

The amount of movement at a joint is known as range of motion (ROM).

8.1 c. Which structural category of joints allows for the greatest range of motion?

The greatest ROM occurs in a diarthrosis. This category of joint allows for free movement.

8.8 b. At what site are the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament located?

The iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments are at the hip joint.

8.7 b. Describe the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrous of an intervertebral disc.

The nucleus pulposus is the gelatinous central region of an intervertebral disc. The anulus fibrosus is the tough layer of fibrocartilage encircling the nucleus pulposus.

8.7 a. Identify the five primary vertebral ligaments.

The primary vertebral ligaments are the ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, and anterior longitudinal ligament.

8.6 c. Which joint attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

The upper limb is attached to the axial skeleton by the sternoclavicular joint.

8.8 c. A football player is pushed out of bounds from behind. He falls onto his outstretched hand, pushing the humeral head forcefully upward. Which joint, which three bones, and which five ligaments are affected?

The upward force of the humeral head could cause partial or complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This is called a shoulder separation. The bones involved include the clavicle, scapula, and humerus; and the stabilizing ligaments involved are the coracoclavicular, acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracohumeral, and glenohumeral ligaments.

8.3 b. What type of synovial joint permits the greatest range of motion?

A ball-and-socket joint permits the widest ROM.

8.7 c. Compare a bulging disc with a herniated disc.

A bulging disc is a vertebral disc that is displaced or partly protruding as a result of a compressed nucleus pulposus distorting the anulus fibrosus. In a herniated disc, the nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, causing it to protrude into the vertebral canal.

8.10 c. What can a person do to slow the progression of arthritis?

A person can slow the progression of arthritis by engaging in regular exercise, doing physical therapy, and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.

8.9 c. Which ligament is a severely hyperextended knee more likely to damage: the ACL or the PCL?

A severely hyperextended knee would damage the ACL.

8.1 b. Distinguish between a synarthrosis and an amphiarthrosis.

A synarthrosis is a joint with no movement. An amphiarthrosis is a joint with little movement.

8.2 b. Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid lead to the degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint?

Articular cartilages lack a blood supply, and thus rely on synovial fluid to supply nutrients and remove wastes. If the circulation of synovial fluid were impaired, the cartilages would no longer receive nutrients, and wastes would accumulate. This could cause the cartilages to degenerate, and cells in the tissue may die.

8.2 a. Describe the components of a synovial joint, and identify the functions of each.

Components of a synovial joint are a fibrous joint (articular) capsule, which surrounds the joint; articular cartilages, which resemble hyaline cartilages and cover the articulating bone surfaces; and a synovial membrane, which lines the articular capsule and secretes synovial fluid that provides lubrication, distributes nutrients, and absorbs shocks. Accessory structures include bursae, which are pockets filled with synovial fluid, that reduce friction and absorb shocks; fat pads, which protect the articular cartilages; menisci, which are fibrocartilage articular discs that allow for variation in the shapes of the articulating surfaces; ligaments, which are cords of fibrous tissue that support, strengthen, and reinforce the joint; and tendons, which pass across or around a joint, limit the range of motion, and provide mechanical support.

8.9 b. What signs and symptoms would you expect in a person who has damaged the menisci of the knee joint?

Damage to the menisci of the knee joint decreases the joint's lateral stability, so the person would have a difficult time locking the knee in place while standing and would have to use muscle contractions to stabilize the joint. If the person had to stand for a long time, the muscles would fatigue and the knee would "give out." It is also likely that the person would feel pain.

8.4 c. Compare dorsiflexion to plantar flexion.

Dorsiflexion is upward movement of the foot through flexion at the ankle, whereas plantar flexion is ankle extension, as when pointing the toes.

8.10 a. Compare rheumatism with osteoarthritis.

Rheumatism is a general term describing any painful condition of joints, muscles, or both that is not caused by infection or injury. Osteoarthritis is a form of rheumatism characterized by degeneration of the joint cartilage and the underlying bone. Osteoarthritis results from cumulative wear and tear or genetic factors affecting collagen formation.

8.3 c. Indicate the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.

Shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: gliding; thumb: saddle.

8.5 c. Snapping your fingers involves what movement with the thumb and third metacarpophalangeal joint?

Snapping your fingers involves opposition of the thumb and flexion at the third metacarpophalangeal joint.